Abstract
Captive primates require environmental enrichment to minimize physical and mental stress. However, only a few objective evaluations have been performed to assess environment-induced physiological variations in these animals. In this study, we evaluated the usage of the metabolic profile test (MPT) to assess the influences of the housing environment on the physiology of Japanese macaques. Five male macaques were housed in an old type of cage (old cage group), in which the macaques were exposed to wind (except for a shelter box), and four males were in a new -type of cage (new cage group), which had a sub-room with a waterer that was surrounded by insulating panels. Blood samples were collected bimonthly for a year from the two groups to determine the complete blood count and blood biochemistry. The increase in the body weight of the macaques in both groups was suppressed during the cold season. Furthermore, this suppression was more pronounced in the old cage group, suggesting that the energy expenditure was higher in the old cage group than in the new cage group. Moreover, the red blood cell count and hematocrit values were higher during the cold season in both cages than during the warm season, suggesting that macaques were dehydrated during the cold season. Dehydration tendency was more pronounced in the macaques from the old cage group than in those from the new cage group, suggesting that their water intake decreased during the cold season. Our results suggest that the MPT can be used to evaluate environment-induced physiological variations in Japanese macaques.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by Cooperation Research Program (2018-B57) of Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University (KUPRI). We thank Mr. Norihiko Maeda, Ms. Mayumi Morimoto, Ms. Naoko Suda-Hashimoto, Dr. Atsushi Yamanaka, Dr. Akiyo Ishigami, Mr. Seitaro Aisu and Mr. Takayoshi Natsume for assistance with blood sampling and Ms. Miyuki Ido for blood examination and data entry. We have complied with the ethical standards in the treatment of animals according to the guidelines laid down by the Primate Society of Japan.
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This work was supported in part by Cooperation Research Program (2018-B57) of KUPRI.
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AK, MT, TMN and MO designed the study. AK performed blood sampling. AK, MT, TMN, KN, and MO analyzed the data. Results were discussed and interpreted by all co-authors. AK, MT and TMN write the manuscript in consultation with MO; all co-authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
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All procedures used in this study followed the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates, provided by KUPRI. The experiment was approved by institutional committees (2017-094, 2018-104), and physical condition of the macaques was thoroughly monitored by veterinarians throughout the study.
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Kaneko, A., Takasu, M., Miyabe-Nishiwaki, T. et al. Physiological variation in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) housed in different outdoor cages evaluated using the metabolic profile test. Primates 62, 609–615 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00915-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00915-9