Abstract
In heterogeneous cellular networks (HCNs), the energy reduction has a great impact on the operational cost and global carbon footprint, which has attracted more and more attention. To enhance the network energy efficiency (EE), we design two types of association mechanisms integrated with open loop power control (OLPC) for uplink code-division-multiple-access (CDMA) enabled HCNs. Specifically, they are formulated into two optimization problems that maximize the sum of users’ EEs and the one of users’ EE utilities. It is noteworthy that the one of these two mechanisms guarantees the user fairness by employing a logarithmic function. Considering that these formulated problems are in a fractional mixed-integer form and hard to tackle, we utilize a coalitional game to design two types of association algorithms with guaranteed convergence. To show the effectiveness of designed algorithms, another one is introduced for comparison in the simulation. As for them, we mainly investigate the impacts of user and BS densities on the association performance.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Zhou, T. Q., Jiang, N., Qin, D., et al. (2017). QoS-aware balanced and unbalanced associations in massive MIMO enabled heterogeneous cellular networks. Wireless Personal Communication, 97(4), 5345–5366.
Zhao, J. H., Ni, S. J., Yang, L. H., et al. (2019). Multiband cooperation for 5G HetNets: A promising network paradigm. IEEE Vehicular Technology Management, 14(4), 85–93.
Yates, R., & Huang, C. Y. (1995). Integrated power control and base station assignment. IEEE Vehicular Technology Management, 44(3), 638–644.
Wang, J. T. (2010). SINR feedback-based integrated base-station assignment, diversity, and power control for wireless networks. IEEE Vehicular Technology Management, 59(1), 473–484.
Zhao, J., Yang, T., Gong, Y., et al. (2013). Power control algorithm of cognitive radio based on non-cooperative game theory. China Communications, 10(11), 143–154.
Zhao, J., Guan, X., & Li, X. (2013). Power allocation based on genetic simulated annealing algorithm in cognitive radio networks. Chinese Journal of Electronics, 22(1), 177–180.
Li, Y., Sheng, M., Sun, Y., et al. (2016). Joint optimization of BS operation, user association, subcarrier assignment, and power allocation for energy-efficient HetNets. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 34(12), 3339–3353.
Lin, X., & Wang, S. (2017). Joint user association and base station switching on/off for green heterogeneous cellular networks (pp. 1–6). Paris France: Proc. IEEE ICC.
Sun, Y., & Chang, Y. (2018). Energy-efficient user association and cell sleeping strategy for multi-tier ultra-dense small-cell networks. Electronics Letters, 54(12), 787–789.
Luo, S., Zhang, R., & Lim, T. J. (2015). Downlink and uplink energy minimization through user association and beamforming in C-RAN. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 14(1), 494–508.
Van Chien, T., Bjrnson, E., & Larsson, E. G. (2016). Joint power allocation and user association optimization for massive MIMO systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 15(9), 6384–6399.
Chen, Q., Yu, G., Yin, R., et al. (2016). Energy-efficient user association and resource allocation for multistream carrier aggregation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(8), 6366–6376.
Zhou, T., Liu, Z., Qin, D., et al. (2017). User association with maximizing weighted sum energy efficiency for massive MIMO-enabled heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(10), 2250–2253.
Tian, H., Xu, Y., Xu, K., et al. (2015). Energy-efficient user association in heterogeneous networks with M2M/H2H coexistence under QoS guarantees. China Communications, 12(Supplement), 93–103.
Liu, D., Wang, L., Chen, Y., et al. (2015). Distributed energy efficient fair user association in massive MIMO enabled HetNets. IEEE Communication Letters, 19(10), 1770–1773.
Han, Q., Yang, B., Chen, C., et al. (2016). Matching-based joint uplink and downlink user association for energy-efficient HetNets (pp. 1–6). Yangzhou China: Proc. IEEE WCSP.
Zhang, H., Huang, S., Jiang, C., et al. (2017). Energy efficient user association and power allocation in millimeter-wave-based ultra dense networks with energy harvesting base stations. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 35(9), 1936–1947.
Mesodiakaki, A., Adelantado, F., Alonso, L., et al. (2014). Energy-efficient context-aware user association for outdoor small cell heterogeneous networks (pp. 1614–1619). Sydney NSW Australia: Proc. IEEE ICC.
Zhou, T., Huang, Y., & Yang, L. (2016). Energy-efficient user association in downlink heterogeneous cellular networks. IET Communications, 10(13), 1553–1561.
Son, K., Kim, H., Yi, Y., et al. (2011). Base station operation and user association mechanisms for energy-delay tradeoffs in green cellular networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 29(8), 1525–1536.
Hao, Y., Ni, Q., Li, H., et al. (2017). On the energy and spectral efficiency tradeoff in massive MIMO-enabled HetNets with capacity-constrained backhaul links. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 65(11), 4720–4733.
Qian, L. P., Zhang, Y. J., Wu, Y., et al. (2013). Joint base station association and power control via benders’ decomposition. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(4), 1651–1665.
Oo, T. Z., Tran, N. H., Saad, W., et al. (2017). Offloading in HetNet: A coordination of interference mitigation, user association, and resource allocation. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 16(8), 2276–2291.
Shen, K., & Yu, W. (2014). Distributed pricing-based user association for downlink heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 32(6), 1100–1113.
Chen, X., & Hu, R. (2012). Joint uplink and downlink optimal mobile association in a wireless heterogeneous network (pp. 4131–4137). Anaheim CA USA: Proc. IEEE GLOBECOM.
Liu, D., Chen, Y., Chai, K. K., et al. (2014). Joint uplink and downlink user association for energy-efficient HetNets using nash bargaining solution. IEEE 79th Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC Spring). Seoul. Korea (South), 2014, 1–5.
Ha, V. N., & Le, L. B. (2014). Distributed base station association and power control for heterogeneous cellular networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 63(1), 282–296.
Wu, D., Wu, Q., Xu, Y., et al. (2017). QoE-based distributed multi-channel allocation in 5G heterogeneous cellular networks: A matching coalitional game solution. IEEE Access, 5, 61–71.
Liu, N., Wang, J., Yu, X., et al. (2018). Hybrid energy sharing for smart building cluster with CHP system and PV prosumers: A coalitional game approach. IEEE Access, 6, 34098–34108.
Hajir, M., Langar, R., & Gagnon, F. (2016). Coalitional games for joint co-tier and cross-tier cooperative spectrum sharing in dense heterogeneous networks. IEEE Access, 4, 2450–2464.
Mesodiakaki, A., Adelantado, F., Alonso, L., et al. (2014). Energy-efficient user association in cognitive heterogeneous networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 52(7), 22–29.
He, S., Huang, Y., Yang, L., et al. (2014). Coordinated multicell multiuser precoding for maximizing weighted sum energy efficiency. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 62(3), 741–751.
Miao, G., Himayat, N., et al. (2011). Distributed interference-aware energy-efficient power optimization. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 10(4), 1323–1333.
3GPP (2010). Tr 36.814: further advancements for e-utra physical layer aspects (release 9). v9.0.0. Technical Report.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61861017, 61671144, 61861018, 61761030, 61961020, 61862025, 61663010 and 61963017, Foundation of Jiangxi Educational Committee of China under Grant Nos. GJJ180312 and GJJ180313.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, T., Qin, D., Nie, X. et al. Coalitional Game-Based User Association Integrated With Open Loop Power Control for Green Communications in Uplink HCNs. Wireless Pers Commun 120, 3117–3133 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08602-0
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-08602-0