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Evaluation of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers of early kidney damage in indigenous children from Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico

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Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental persistent chemicals, produced by the incomplete combustion of solid fuels, found in smoke. PAHs are considered carcinogenic, teratogenic, and genotoxic. Children are susceptible to environmental pollutants, particularly those living in high-exposure settings. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the exposure to PAHs through hydroxylated metabolites of PAHs (OH-PAHs), 1-hydroxynaphtalene (1-OH-NAP), and 2-hydroxynaphtalene (2-OH-NAP); 2-,3-, and 9-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU, 3-OH-FLU, 9-OH-FLU); 1-,2-,3-, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-PHE, 2-OH-PHE, 3-OH-PHE, 4-OH-PHE); and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), as well as kidney health through biomarkers of early kidney damage (osteopontin (OPN), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), α1-microglobulin (α1-MG), and cystatin C (Cys-C)) in children from an indigenous community dedicated to footwear manufacturing and pottery in Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico. The results show a high exposure to PAHs from the found concentrations of OH-PAHs in urine in 80.5% of the children in median concentrations of 18.4 (5.1-71.0) μg/L of total OH-PAHs, as well as concentrations of kidney damage proteins in 100% of the study population in concentrations of 4.8 (3-12.2) and 7.9 (6.5-13.7) μg/g creatinine of NGAL and Cys-C respectively, and 97.5% of the population with concentrations of OPN and α1-MG at mean concentrations of 207.3 (119.8-399.8) and 92.2 (68.5-165.5) μg/g creatinine. The information provided should be considered and addressed by the health authorities to establish continuous biomonitoring and programs to reduce para-occupational exposure in the vulnerable population, particularly children, based on their fundamental human right to health.

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The authors received grants and fellowships from the National Council on Science and Technology- Sectoral Research FOSEC SS/IMSS/ISSSTE # A3-S-38681.

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  1. Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico

    Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez

  2. Toxicology Department, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Ciudad de México, México

    Manolo S. Ortega-Romero & Olivier C. Barbier

  3. Medicine Faculty, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico

    Norma Pérez-Herrera, Fernando May-Euan & Javier Perera-Ríos

  4. Department of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Division, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Av. Erick Paolo Martínez, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico

    Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar

  5. CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología (CIACYT), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico

    Rogelio Flores-Ramírez

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LDLM: conceptualization, sampling, analytical methods, and funding; MOR: conceptualization and analytical methods, writing, and editing; OCB: conceptualization and analytical methods; NPH: sampling and conceptualization; FME: sampling and conceptualization; JPR: sampling and conceptualization; MRA: analytical methods, writing, and editing; RFR: conceptualization, sampling, analytical methods, writing, and editing.

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Correspondence to Maribel Rodríguez-Aguilar or Rogelio Flores-Ramírez.

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Díaz de León-Martínez, L., Ortega-Romero, M.S., Barbier, O.C. et al. Evaluation of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomarkers of early kidney damage in indigenous children from Ticul, Yucatán, Mexico. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 52001–52013 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14460-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14460-x

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