Abstract
Growing concerns over climate change have prompted the quest for renewable energies to mitigate adverse impacts caused by the excessive use of fossil fuels. In particular, using waste and biomass as fuel precursors is currently under active research. Pyrolysis is a thermal conversion in an inert atmosphere, involving the rapid heating of feedstocks to produce oil, gas and intermediate chemicals. Here, we review pyrolysis of cellulose, lignin, algae, plastic wastes and coal, with focus on microwave-assisted processes. We describe the types of char, bio-oils and gas products. We detail various apparatuses used in microwave-assisted pyrolysis to show that industrial upscaling is possible. Advantages of microwave-assisted pyrolysis include uniform heating of large particulate size of feed, fast switching on and off controls, and no requirement of fluidization. Higher yield of oil should be obtained by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of organic feedstocks.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ASEAN:
-
Association of South East Asian Nations
- PHA:
-
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- DAEM:
-
Distributed activated energy model
- FCC:
-
Federal Communications Commission
- LDPE:
-
Low-density polythene
- NiO:
-
Nickel oxide
- HY:
-
High yield
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- HDPE:
-
High-density polythene
- MTL:
-
Microwave-torrefied lignin
References
Abnisa F, Anuar Sharuddin SD, Bin Zanil MF, Wan Daud WMA, Indra Mahlia TM (2019) The yield prediction of synthetic fuel production from pyrolysis of plastic waste by Levenberg–Marquardt approach in feedforward neural networks model. Polymers (Basel). 11:1853. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111853
Abou Rjeily M, Gennequin C, Pron H, Abi-Aad E, Randrianalisoa JH (2021) Pyrolysis-catalytic upgrading of bio-oil and pyrolysis-catalytic steam reforming of biogas: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01190-2
Agrafioti E, Bouras G, Kalderis D, Diamadopoulos E (2013) Biochar production by sewage sludge pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 101:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2013.02.010
Aishwarya KN, Sindhu N (2016) Microwave assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste. Procedia Technol 25:990–997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2016.08.197
Almeida D, De Fátima Marques M (2016) Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of plastic waste. Polimeros 26:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.2100
Anand V, Sunjeev V, Vinu R (2016) Catalytic fast pyrolysis of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) algae using zeolites. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 118:298–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2016.02.013
Anas M, Mustafa MM, Carey DG, Sarmah A, LeMonte JJ, Green MJ (2021) Joule heating of carbon pixels for on-demand thermal patterning. Carbon N Y 174:518–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.12.054
Ansari KB, Arora JS, Chew JW, Dauenhauer PJ, Mushrif SH (2019) Fast pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin: effect of operating temperature on bio-oil yield and composition and insights into the intrinsic pyrolysis chemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 58:15838–15852. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00920
Anuar Sharuddin SD, Abnisa F, Wan Daud WMA, Aroua MK (2016) A review on pyrolysis of plastic wastes. Energy Convers Manag. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.02.037
Apicella B, Russo C, Cerciello F, Stanzione F, Ciajolo A, Scherer V, Senneca O (2020) Insights on the role of primary and secondary tar reactions in soot inception during fast pyrolysis of coal. Fuel 275:117957. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117957
Aravind S, Kumar PS, Kumar NS, Siddarth N (2020) Conversion of green algal biomass into bioenergy by pyrolysis: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00990-2
Atta-Obeng E, Dawson-Andoh B, Seehra MS, Geddam U, Poston J, Leisen J (2017) Physico-chemical characterization of carbons produced from technical lignin by sub-critical hydrothermal carbonization. Biomass Bioenergy 107:172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2017.09.023
Azadi P, Inderwildi OR, Farnood R, King DA (2013) Liquid fuels, hydrogen and chemicals from lignin: a critical review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 21:506–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.022
Bach QV, Skreiberg O (2016) Upgrading biomass fuels via wet torrefaction: a review and comparison with dry torrefaction. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.014
Bartoli M, Rosi L, Frediani M, Undri A, Frediani P (2015) Depolymerization of polystyrene at reduced pressure through a microwave assisted pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 113:281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.01.026
Behera S, Arora R, Nandhagopal N, Kumar S (2014) Importance of chemical pretreatment for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.047
Beneroso D, Monti T, Kostas ET, Robinson J (2017) Microwave pyrolysis of biomass for bio-oil production: Scalable processing concepts. Chem Eng J. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.130
Borges FC, Du Z, Xie Q, Trierweiler JO, Cheng Y, Wan Y, Liu Y, Zhu R, Lin X, Chen P, Ruan R (2014) Fast microwave assisted pyrolysis of biomass using microwave absorbent. Bioresour Technol 156:267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.01.038
Brindhadevi K, Anto S, Rene ER, Sekar M, Mathimani T, Thuy L, Chi N, Pugazhendhi A (2021) Effect of reaction temperature on the conversion of algal biomass to bio-oil and biochar through pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. Fuel 285:119106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119106
Bu Q, Morgan HM, Liang J, Lei H, Ruan R (2016) Catalytic microwave pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for fuels and chemicals. Adv Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aibe.2016.09.002
Bu Q, Liu Y, Liang J, Morgan HM, Yan L, Xu F, Mao H (2018) Microwave-assisted co-pyrolysis of microwave torrefied biomass with waste plastics using ZSM-5 as a catalyst for high quality bio-oil. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 134:536–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.07.021
Cárdenas-Aguiar E, Gascó G, Paz-Ferreiro J, Méndez A (2019) Thermogravimetric analysis and carbon stability of chars produced from slow pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of manure waste. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 140:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.04.026
Cassia R, Nocioni M, Correa-Aragunde N, Lamattina L (2018) Climate change and the impact of greenhouse gasses: CO2 and NO, friends and foes of plant oxidative stress. Front Plant Sci 9:1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00273
Chen F, Yan B, Liu N, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zhang H, Gong P, Zhao W, Zhou A (2019) Bimetallic oriented catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin research based on PY-GC/MS. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00464-8
Chen Z, Wang D, Li C, Yang H, Wang D, Lai D, Yu J, Gao S (2020) A tandem pyrolysis-upgrading strategy in an integrated reactor to improve the quality of coal tar. Energy Convers Manag 220:113065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2020.11306
Cheng S, Zhang Z, Zhang D, Deng Y (2013) Straw microwave pyrolysis of rice straw in ionic liquid ([Emim]Br). BioResources 8(3):3994–4003. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.3.3994-4003
Choi J, Choi JW, Suh DJ, Ha JM, Hwang JW, Jung HW, Lee KY, Woo HC (2014) Production of brown algae pyrolysis oils for liquid biofuels depending on the chemical pretreatment methods. Energy Convers Manag 86:371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.094
Dahlgren S (2020) Biogas-based fuels as renewable energy in the transport sector: an overview of the potential of using CBG. Biofuels, LBG and other vehicle fuels produced from biogas. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2020.1821571
Dai L, Fan L, Liu Y, Ruan R, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Zhao Y, Yu Z (2017) Production of bio-oil and biochar from soapstock via microwave-assisted co-catalytic fast pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 225:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.017
Darvell LI, Brindley C, Baxter XC, Jones JM, Williams A (2012) Nitrogen in biomass char and its fate during combustion: a model compound approach. Energy Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201676t
Das P, Tiwari P (2018) The effect of slow pyrolysis on the conversion of packaging waste plastics (PE and PP) into fuel. Waste Manag 79:615–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.021
de Wild PJ, den Uil H, Reith JH, Kiel JHA, Heeres HJ (2009) Biomass valorisation by staged degasification. A new pyrolysis-based thermochemical conversion option to produce value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 85:124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2008.08.008
Dhahak A, Grimmer C, Neumann A, Rüger C, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R, Mauviel G, Burkle-Vitzthum V (2020) Real time monitoring of slow pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by different mass spectrometric techniques. Waste Manag 106:226–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.028
Ding K, Liu S, Huang Y, Liu S, Zhou N, Peng P, Wang Y, Chen P, Ruan R (2019) Catalytic microwave-assisted pyrolysis of plastic waste over NiO and HY for gasoline-range hydrocarbons production. Energy Convers Manag 196:1316–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.07.001
Domínguez A, Menéndez JA, Inguanzo M, Bernad PL, Pis JJ (2003) Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric study of the oil fractions produced by microwave-assisted pyrolysis of different sewage sludges. J Chromatogr A 1012:193–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01176-2
Doumer ME, Arízaga GGC, Da Silva DA, Yamamoto CI, Novotny EH, Santos JM, Dos Santos LO, Wisniewski A, De Andrade JB, Mangrich AS (2015) Slow pyrolysis of different Brazilian waste biomasses as sources of soil conditioners and energy, and for environmental protection. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 113:434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2015.03.006
Du Z, Li Y, Wang X, Wan Y, Chen Q, Wang C, Lin X, Liu Y, Chen P, Ruan R (2011) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of microalgae for biofuel production. Bioresour Technol 102:4890–4896. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.055
Fan L, Chen P, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang Y, Dai L, Ruan R (2017) Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of lignin and low-density polyethylene with HZSM-5 and MgO for improved bio-oil yield and quality. Bioresour Technol 225:199–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.072
Fan L, Ruan R, Li J, Ma L, Wang C, Zhou W (2020) Aromatics production from fast co-pyrolysis of lignin and waste cooking oil catalyzed by HZSM-5 zeolite. Appl Energy 263:114629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114629
Ferhat MA, Meklati BY, Chemat F (2007) Comparison of different isolation methods of essential oil from citrus fruits: cold pressing, hydrodistillation and microwave “dry” distillation. Flavour Fragr J 22:494–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1829
Finkelman RB, Tian L (2018) The health impacts of coal use in China. Int Geol Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2017.1335624
Gautam R, Shyam S, Reddy BR, Govindaraju K, Vinu R (2019) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis and analytical fast pyrolysis of macroalgae: product analysis and effect of heating mechanism. Sustain Energy Fuels 3:3009–3020. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9se00162j
Ge S, Foong SY, Ma NL, Liew RK, Wan Mahari WA, Xia C, Yek PNY, Peng W, Nam WL, Lim XY, Liew CM, Chong CC, Sonne C, Lam SS (2020) Vacuum pyrolysis incorporating microwave heating and base mixture modification: an integrated approach to transform biowaste into eco-friendly bioenergy products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 127:109871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109871
Ge S, Yek PNY, Cheng YW, Xia C, Wan Mahari WA, Liew RK, Peng W, Yuan TQ, Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Sonne C, Lam SS (2021) Progress in microwave pyrolysis conversion of agricultural waste to value-added biofuels: a batch to continuous approach. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110148
Ghysels S, Ronsse F, Dickinson D, Prins W (2019) Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar from lignin-rich digested stillage from lignocellulosic ethanol production. Biomass Bioenergy 122:349–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.01.040
Goncalves AL, Pires JCM, Simoes M (2013) Green fuel production: processes applied to microalgae. Environ Chem Lett 11:315–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0425-3
Grierson S, Strezov V, Shah P (2011) Properties of oil and char derived from slow pyrolysis of Tetraselmis chui. Bioresour Technol 102:8232–8240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.010
Haeldermans T, Campion L, Kuppens T, Vanreppelen K, Cuypers A, Schreurs S (2020) A comparative techno-economic assessment of biochar production from different residue streams using conventional and microwave pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 318:124083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124083
Hassan NS, Jalil AA, Hitam CNC, Vo DVN, Nabgan W (2020) Biofuels and renewable chemicals production by catalytic pyrolysis of cellulose: a review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01040-7
Hong Y, Chen W, Luo X, Pang C, Lester E, Wu T (2017) Microwave-enhanced pyrolysis of macroalgae and microalgae for syngas production. Bioresour Technol 237:47–56
Hu J, Chen Y, Qian K, Yang Z, Yang H, Li Y, Chen H (2017) Evolution of char structure during mengdong coal pyrolysis: Influence of temperature and K2CO3. Fuel Process Technol 159:178–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.01.042
Huang YF, Kuan WH, Lo SL, Lin CF (2008) Total recovery of resources and energy from rice straw using microwave-induced pyrolysis. Bioresour Technol 99:8252–8258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.026
Imran A, Bramer EA, Seshan K, Brem G (2014) High quality bio-oil from catalytic flash pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass over alumina-supported sodium carbonate. Fuel Process Technol 127:72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.06.011
Jahirul MI, Rasul MG, Chowdhury AA, Ashwath N (2012) Biofuels production through biomass pyrolysis: a technological review. Energies 5:4952–5001. https://doi.org/10.3390/en5124952
Jahnavi N, Kanmani K, Kumar PS et al (2020) Conversion of waste plastics into low emissive hydrocarbon fuel using catalyst produced from biowaste. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11398-4
Jamaluddin MA, Ismail K, Mohd Ishak MA, Ab Ghani Z, Abdullah MF, Safian MTU, Idris SS, Tahiruddin S, Mohammed Yunus MF, Mohd Hakimi NIN (2013) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of palm kernel shell: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Renew Energy 55:357–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.042
Jin L, Zhao H, Wang M, Wei B, Hu H (2019) Effect of temperature and simulated coal gas composition on tar production during pyrolysis of a subbituminous coal. Fuel 241:1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.12.093
Joffres B, Laurenti D, Charon N, Daudin A, Quignard A, Geantet C (2013) Conversion thermochimique de la lignine en carburants et produits chimiques: une revue. Oil Gas Sci Technol 68:753–763. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2013132
Kang K, Azargohar R, Dalai AK, Wang H (2015) Noncatalytic gasification of lignin in supercritical water using a batch reactor for hydrogen production: an experimental and modeling study. Energy Fuels 29:1776–1784. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5027345
Katalambula H, Gupta R (2009) Low-grade coals: a review of some prospective upgrading technologies. Energy Fuels 23:3392–3405. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef801140t
Kawale HD, Kishore N (2019) Production of hydrocarbons from a green algae (Oscillatoria) with exploration of its fuel characteristics over different reaction atmospheres. Energy 178:344–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.103
Kloss S, Zehetner F, Dellantonio A, Hamid R, Ottner F, Liedtke V, Schwanninger M, Gerzabek MH, Soja G (2012) Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J Environ Qual 41:990–1000. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2011.0070
Kumar A, Kumar K, Kaushik N, Sharma S, Mishra S (2010) Renewable energy in India: current status and future potentials. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:2434–2442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.04.003
Lee JM, Kim DW, Kim JS (2011) Characteristics of co-combustion of anthracite with bituminous coal in a 200-MWe circulating fluidized bed boiler. Energy 36:5703–5709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.06.051
Li Y, Shao J, Wang X, Deng Y, Yang H, Chen H (2014) Characterization of modified biochars derived from bamboo pyrolysis and their utilization for target component (furfural) adsorption. Energy Fuels 28:5119–5127. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef500725c
Li A, Liu HL, Wang H, Xu HB, Jin LF, Liu JL, Hu JH (2016a) Effects of temperature and heating rate on the characteristics of molded Bio-Char. BioResources 11:3259–3274. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.2.3259-3274
Li J, Dai J, Liu G, Zhang H, Gao Z, Fu J, He Y, Huang Y (2016b) Biochar from microwave pyrolysis of biomass: a review. Biomass Bioenergy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.09.010
Li K, Lee S, Yuan G, Lei J, Lin S, Weerachanchai P, Yang Y, Wang J-Y (2016c) Investigation into the catalytic activity of microporous and mesoporous catalysts in the pyrolysis of waste polyethylene and polypropylene mixture. Energies 9:431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9060431
Lievens C, Ci D, Bai Y, Ma L, Zhang R, Chen JY, Gai Q, Long Y, Guo X (2013) A study of slow pyrolysis of one low rank coal via pyrolysis-GC/MS. Fuel Process Technol 116:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.04.026
Liu X, Wang W, Gao X, Zhou Y, Shen R (2012) Effect of thermal pretreatment on the physical and chemical properties of municipal biomass waste. Waste Manag 32:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.09.027
Liu X, Cui P, Ling Q, Zhao Z, Xie R (2020) A review on co-pyrolysis of coal and oil shale to produce coke. Front Chem Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11705-019-1850-z
Lorenzetti C, Conti R, Fabbri D, Yanik J (2016) A comparative study on the catalytic effect of H-ZSM5 on upgrading of pyrolysis vapors derived from lignocellulosic and proteinaceous biomass. Fuel 166:446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.051
Luo Z, Lu K, Yang Y, Li S, Li G (2019) Catalytic fast pyrolysis of lignin to produce aromatic hydrocarbons: optimal conditions and reaction mechanism. RSC Adv 9:31960–31968. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02538c
Mangesh VL, Padmanabhan S, Tamizhdurai P, Ramesh A (2020) Experimental investigation to identify the type of waste plastic pyrolysis oil suitable for conversion to diesel engine fuel. J Clean Prod 246:119066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119066
Martín MT, Sanz AB, Nozal L, Castro F, Alonso R, Aguirre JL, González SD, Matía MP, Novella JL, Peinado M, Vaquero JJ (2017) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of mediterranean forest biomass waste: bioproduct characterization. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 127:278–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2017.07.024
Moazeni F, Chen YC, Zhang G (2019) Enzymatic transesterification for biodiesel production from used cooking oil, a review. J Clean Prod. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.181
Mohamed BA, Ellis N, Kim CS, Bi X (2019) Microwave-assisted catalytic biomass pyrolysis: effects of catalyst mixtures. Appl Catal B Environ 253:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2019.04.058
Motasemi F, Afzal MT (2013) A review on the microwave-assisted pyrolysis technique. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.008
Munawer ME (2018) Human health and environmental impacts of coal combustion and post-combustion wastes. J Sustain Min. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsm.2017.12.007
Mushtaq F, Mat R, Ani FN (2014) A review on microwave assisted pyrolysis of coal and biomass for fuel production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.073
Mushtaq F, Abdullah TAT, Mat R, Ani FN (2015) Optimization and characterization of bio-oil produced by microwave assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell waste biomass with microwave absorber. Bioresour Technol 190:442–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.055
Mushtaq F, Mat R, Ani FN (2016) Fuel production from microwave assisted pyrolysis of coal with carbon surfaces. Energy Convers Manag 110:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.12.008
Nanda S, Berruti F (2021) Thermochemical conversion of plastic waste to fuels: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19:123–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01094-7
Narnaware PH, Surose RG, Gaikwad SV (2015) Current status and the future potentials of renewable energy in India: a review. Int J Adv Sci Eng Technol 2321–9009.
Noivoil N, Yoksan R (2021) Compatibility improvement of poly(lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch blown films using acetylated starch. J Appl Polym Sci 138:49675. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49675
Nwankwo W, Adetunji CO, Ukhurebor KE, Panpatte DG, Makinde AS, Hefft DI (2021) Recent advances in application of microbial enzymes for biodegradation of waste and hazardous waste material. Springer, Singapore, pp. 35–56. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7459-7_3
Ojha DK, Viju D, Vinu R (2017) Fast pyrolysis kinetics of alkali lignin: evaluation of apparent rate parameters and product time evolution. Bioresour Technol 241:142–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.084
Pasangulapati V, Ramachandriya KD, Kumar A, Wilkins MR, Jones CL, Zabaleta AT (2012) Lignin, extraction purification and depolymerization study (Dissertation).
Patel A, Agrawal B, Rawal BR (2020) Pyrolysis of biomass for efficient extraction of biofuel. Energy sources, part A Recover Util Environ Eff. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1604875
Peng L, Fu D, Chu H, Chu H, Wang Z, Qi H (2020) Biofuel production from microalgae: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:285–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00939-0
Polesek-Karczewska S, Kardaś D, Wardach-Święcicka I (2020) Effect of heterogeneous tar condensation on coking pressure dynamics: qualitative numerical analysis. Energy 207:118214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118214
Qu W, Huang Y, Luo Y, Kalluru S, Cochran E, Forrester M, Bai X (2019) Controlled radical polymerization of crude lignin bio-oil containing multihydroxyl molecules for methacrylate polymers and the potential applications. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:9050–9060. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b01597
Ravenni G, Cafaggi G, Sárossy Z, Rohde Nielsen KT, Ahrenfeldt J, Henriksen UB (2020) Waste chars from wood gasification and wastewater sludge pyrolysis compared to commercial activated carbon for the removal of cationic and anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol Rep 10:100421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100421
Ravikumar C, Kumar PS, Subhashni SK, Tejaswini PV, Varshini V (2017) Microwave assisted fast pyrolysis of corn cob, corn stover, saw dust and rice straw: experimental investigation on bio-oil yield and high heating values. Sustain Mater Technol 11:19–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2016.12.003
Reddy BR, Vinu R (2016) Microwave assisted pyrolysis of Indian and Indonesian coals and product characterization. Fuel Process Technol 154:96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.08.016
Reddy BR, Ashok I, Vinu R (2020) Preparation of carbon nanostructures from medium and high ash Indian coals via microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Adv Powder Technol 31:1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.12.017
Ren XY, Feng XB, Cao JP, Tang W, Wang ZH, Yang Z, Zhao JP, Zhang LY, Wang YJ, Zhao XY (2020) Catalytic conversion of coal and biomass volatiles: a review. Energy Fuels 34(9):10307–10363. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c01432
Reshad AS, Tiwari P, Goud VV (2017) Thermal decomposition and kinetics of residual rubber seed cake and shell. J Therm Anal Calorim 129:577–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6136-4
Rex P, Masilamani IP, Miranda LR (2020) Microwave pyrolysis of polystyrene and polypropylene mixtures using different activated carbon from biomass. J Energy Inst 93:1819–1832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2020.03.013
Richter F, Rein G (2017) Pyrolysis kinetics and multi-objective inverse modelling of cellulose at the microscale. Fire Saf J 91:191–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.082
Richter F, Rein G (2020) Reduced chemical kinetics for microscale pyrolysis of softwood and hardwood. Bioresour Technol 301:122619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122619
Ronsse F, van Hecke S, Dickinson D, Prins W (2013) Production and characterization of slow pyrolysis biochar: influence of feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. GCB Bioenergy 5:104–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12018
Rosi L, Bartoli M, Frediani M (2018) Microwave assisted pyrolysis of halogenated plastics recovered from waste computers. Waste Manag 73:511–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.04.037
Russell AD, Antreou EI, Lam SS, Ludlow-Palafox C, Chase HA (2012) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of HDPE using an activated carbon bed. RSC Adv 2:6756–6760. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra20859h
Salema AA, Ani FN (2012) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell biomass using an overhead stirrer. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 96:162–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2012.03.018
Şen N, Kar Y (2011) Pyrolysis of black cumin seed cake in a fixed-bed reactor. Biomass Bioenergy 35:4297–4304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.07.019
Senthil Kumar P, Bharathikumar M, Prabhakaran C et al (2017) Conversion of waste plastics into low-emissive hydrocarbon fuels through catalytic depolymerization in a new laboratory scale batch reactor. Int J Energy Environ Eng 8:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40095-015-0167-z
Shang H, Lu RR, Shang L, Zhang WH (2015) Effect of additives on the microwave-assisted pyrolysis of sawdust. Fuel Process Technol 131:167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.11.025
Shuping Z, Yulong W, Mingde Y, Chun L, Junmao T (2010) Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour Technol 101:359–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.020
Shuttleworth P, Budarin V, Gronnow M, Clark JH, Luque R (2012) Low temperature microwave-assisted vs conventional pyrolysis of various biomass feedstocks. J Nat Gas Chem 21(2012):270–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-9953(11)60364-2
Speight JG (2016) Production of syngas, synfuel, bio-oils, and biogas from coal, biomass, and opportunity fuels. Fuel Flexible Energy Gener. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-78242-378-2.00006-7
Srivastava RK, Shetti NP, Reddy KR, Aminabhavi TM (2020) Biofuels, biodiesel and biohydrogen production using bioprocesses. A review. Environ Chem Lett 18:1049–1072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00999-7
Suopajärvi H, Pongrácz E, Fabritius T (2013) The potential of using biomass-based reducing agents in the blast furnace: a review of thermochemical conversion technologies and assessments related to sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.005
Toloue Farrokh N, Suopajärvi H, Mattila O, Umeki K, Phounglamcheik A, Romar H, Sulasalmi P, Fabritius T (2018) Slow pyrolysis of by-product lignin from wood-based ethanol production: a detailed analysis of the produced chars. Energy 164:112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.161
Tomar AKS, Gautam KK (2018) Renewable energy in India: current status and future prospects. Int J Eng Sci Invent 7:86–91
Trinh TN, Jensen PA, Sárossy Z, Dam-Johansen K, Knudsen NO, Sørensen HR, Egsgaard H (2013) Fast pyrolysis of lignin using a pyrolysis centrifuge reactor. Energy Fuels 27:3802–3810. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef400527k
Undri A, Rosi L, Frediani M, Frediani P (2014) Efficient disposal of waste polyolefins through microwave assisted pyrolysis. Fuel 116:662–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.037
Usino DO, Ylitervo P, Pettersson A, Richards T (2020) Influence of temperature and time on initial pyrolysis of cellulose and xylan. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 147:104782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2020.104782
Venderbosch RH, Prins W (2010) Fast pyrolysis technology development. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefining. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.205
Wang B, Sun L, Su S, Xiang J, Hu S, Fei H (2012) Char structural evolution during pyrolysis and its influence on combustion reactivity in air and oxy-fuel conditions. Energy Fuels 26:1565–1574. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201723q
Wang N, Yu J, Tahmasebi A, Han Y, Lucas J, Wall T, Jiang Y (2014) Experimental study on microwave pyrolysis of an Indonesian low-rank coal in: energy and fuels. Am Chem Soc. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/ef401424p
White JE, Catallo WJ, Legendre BL (2011) Biomass pyrolysis kinetics: a comparative critical review with relevant agricultural residue case studies. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.01.004
Xie Q, Addy M, Liu S, Zhang B, Cheng Y, Wan Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Lin X, Chen P, Ruan R (2015) Fast microwave-assisted catalytic co-pyrolysis of microalgae and scum for bio-oil production. Fuel 160:577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.020
Xu B, Lu W, Sun Z, He T, Goroncy A, Zhang Y, Fan M (2017) High-quality oil and gas from pyrolysis of Powder River Basin coal catalyzed by an environmentally-friendly, inexpensive composite iron-sodium catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 167:334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2017.05.028
Yaashikaa PR, Kumar PS, Varjani SJ, Saravanan A (2020) Rhizoremediation of Cu(II) ions from contaminated soil using plant growth promoting bacteria: an outlook on pyrolysis conditions on plant residues for methylene orange dye biosorption. Bioengineered 11(1):175–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2020.1728034
Yan J, Liu M, Feng Z, Bai Z, Shui H, Li Z, Lei Z, Wang Z, Ren S, Kang S, Yan H (2020) Study on the pyrolysis kinetics of low-medium rank coals with distributed activation energy model. Fuel 261:116359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116359
Yu J, Paterson N, Blamey J, Millan M (2017) Cellulose, xylan and lignin interactions during pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Fuel 191:140–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.11.057
Zhang X, Lei H, Yadavalli G, Zhu L, Wei Y, Liu Y (2015) Gasoline-range hydrocarbons produced from microwave-induced pyrolysis of low-density polyethylene over ZSM-5. Fuel 144:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.013
Zhang Y, Chen G, Wang L, Tuo K, Liu S (2020) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of low-rank coal with K2CO3, CaCl2, and FeSO4 catalysts. ACS Omega 5:17232–17241. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01400
Zhao Y, Wang Y, Duan D, Ruan R, Fan L, Zhou Y, Dai L, Lv J, Liu Y (2018) Fast microwave-assisted ex-catalytic co-pyrolysis of bamboo and polypropylene for bio-oil production. Bioresour Technol 249:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.184
Zhou X, Li W, Mabon R, Broadbelt LJ (2017) A critical review on hemicellulose pyrolysis. Energy Technol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201600327
Zhou N, Liu S, Zhang Y, Fan L, Cheng Y, Wang Y, Liu Y, Chen P, Ruan R (2018) Silicon carbide foam supported ZSM-5 composite catalyst for microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass. Bioresour Technol 267:257–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.007
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suresh, A., Alagusundaram, A., Kumar, P.S. et al. Microwave pyrolysis of coal, biomass and plastic waste: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 3609–3629 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01245-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-021-01245-4