Abstract
Rice is the basic food for over half the global population. Paddy cultivation is limited by environmental stressors, which tend to worsen with climate change. In addition, an increase in food demand is expected soon. Therefore, innovative agricultural technologies capable of increasing food production without increasing agricultural frontiers are needed. Some microorganisms can confer plant tolerance to environmental stresses; however, research with rhizospheric bacteria inducing cold tolerance in rice plants is scarce. In this work, we evaluated the prokaryotic community of cold-impacted rice paddies and the ability of selected rhizospheric bacteria towards increasing rice tolerance to cold temperatures without resulting in yield penalties. The most abundantly identified phyla (Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria) are common soil bacteria, which harbor most plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and should be responsible for plant protection from abiotic stresses, such as low temperature. From these soils, nine PGPB were selected and inoculated in cold-stressed rice plants, and two (Kosakonia sp. CIR2 and Staphylococcus sp. CSR1T2) were able to confer cold tolerance to rice plants. These cold-stressed plants inoculated with CIR2 and CSR1T2 presented higher survival rates (69% and 85%, respectively) than non-inoculated plants (33%). In the greenhouse, cold-stressed inoculated plants reached the reproductive cycle approximately 25 days earlier than non-inoculated plants, besides presenting increased fertility (percentage of full seeds/full seeds per plant) and improvement in yield parameters (weight of 1,000 full seeds, grain length, seed weight per plant, and seed yield). These data can contribute to the improvement of inoculation practices in rice plants and to the maintenance of rice production in environments impacted by low-temperature stress in early developmental stages.
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The authors thank Instituto Rio-Grandense do Arroz (IRGA) for technical support.
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This research was supported by University of Taquari Valley - Univates, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes - Finance Code 001).
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A.G., C.E.G., and R.A.S. conceived and designed research. E.M.S., T.I.L., A.S.S., S.F.C., V.N., and L.M. conducted experiments. M.C.B.L., M.G., L.G.A.B., and A.G. contributed with analytical tools. E.M.S., L.M., L.G.A.B., A.G., C.E.G., and R.A.S. analyzed the data. E.M.S., C.E.G., and R.A.S. wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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(Supplementary Figure 1). Time schedule (in weeks) of laboratory and greenhouse experiments, from germination until full maturity stage. (JPG 223 kb)
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(Supplementary Figure 2). Minimum temperatures (°C) recorded in two experimental rice paddy fields located in Cachoeira do Sul (CS) (A) and Cachoeirinha (CI) (B) from October 1st to December 31st 2017. Dashed lines indicate 5, 10, and 15 °C. The vegetative growth stages V3 (collar formation on leaf 3 of the main stem) and V5 (collar formation on leaf 5 of the main stem) are marked with red arrows. (JPG 2841 kb)
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(Supplementary Table 1). Overview of the number of sequences and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in soil samples from Cachoeira do Sul (CS) and Cachoeirinha (CI), in V3 (collar formation on leaf 3 of the main stem) and V5 (collar formation on leaf 5 of the main stem) growth stages. (DOCX 14 kb)
Online Resource 4
(Supplementary Table 2). Morphological and biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from rhizospheric soil (S) and rice roots (R) of two experimental paddy fields located in Cachoeira do Sul (CS) and Cachoeirinha (CI). (DOCX 15 kb)
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de Souza, E.M., Lamb, T.I., Lamb, T.A. et al. Rhizospheric Soil from Rice Paddy Presents Isolable Bacteria Able to Induce Cold Tolerance in Rice Plants. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 1993–2006 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00496-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00496-y