Abstract
Costa Rica is recognized worldwide for its nature conservation policy following the traditional land-sparing approach. However, concerns have been raised about the opposite trends of the agricultural land cover changes driven by the option to expand old and new export crops after the country’s external debt crisis of the 1980s. We study what happened during the last 20 years by applying landscape ecology metrics to the REDD+ land cover maps of 1986, 2001, and 2014, and statistically testing these indicators with the locations of species richness of plants and birds recorded by INBio. Our results confirm that deforestation has been reversed and most of the biodiversity considered is housed in forestland, but also that the expansion of export monocultures and urban sprawl have fragmented and isolated these tropical forests. Ecological connectivity values decreased 13% across the territory, all crops are negatively correlated with bird and plant locations, and the metropolitan expansion caused a detrimental impact on coffee agroforestry. All these outcomes are consistent with the growing deficit of the Costa Rican physical trade balance due to a faster increase of tropical exports than the growing imports of staple food, with a loss of soil organic matter filled by high doses of agrochemicals imported. Overcoming these environmental problems require a new land-sharing approach to nature conservation aimed at improving ecological connectivity through an agroecology approach combined with land-use planning to preserve the remaining green belt of the shade coffee plantations as a buffer green infrastructure in the metropolitan area.
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18 August 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01815-w
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Acknowledgements
We thank the REDD+ national program on “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and the Role of Conservation, Sustainable Management of Forests and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks in Developing Countries” for the access to their digital maps, as well as to the National Institute of Biodiversity of Costa Rica (INBio) for the access to their dataset.
Funding
This work has been supported by the BIOLANDSCAPEs Spanish research project HAR2012-38920-C02-02 and 03, the Universidad de Costa Rica and the SFS international Partnership Grant SSHRC- 895-2011-1020 funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
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Highlights
- Impact of land cover changes on landscape ecology and biodiversity in Costa Rica
- Negative effect of industrial agriculture aggravated by the metropolitan urban sprawl
- Shade-grown coffee agroecosystems might play a positive role as green infrastructure
The original online version of this article was revised: In this article, the affiliation details for author Claudio Cattaneo were incorrectly given as "Department of Economics and Economic History, Faculty of Economics and Business, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain" but should have been “Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Jostova 10, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic”.
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Montero, A., Marull, J., Tello, E. et al. The impacts of agricultural and urban land-use changes on plant and bird biodiversity in Costa Rica (1986–2014). Reg Environ Change 21, 48 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01767-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01767-1