Screening of newly isolated marine-derived fungi for their laccase production and decolorization of different dye types
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Pollution of aquatic environments is a big problem today and continues to increase. The wastes of many industries are dumped into marine and freshwater systems. One of these industries is textile industries that produce intensive dye wastes (Rao et al., 2010). Most of the annual synthetic dye production is made up of azo, anthroquinone, triphenylmethane and heterocyclic polymeric dyes. In addition, anthraquinone dyes constitute the second most used dye group in the world. Sectors in which they are used; paper and cellulose industry, textile and paint industries (Vala and Dave, 2017, Rao et al., 2010).
After the painting process, 10%–15% of the unused dyes are added to the water systems as waste. Dyes released into aquatic systems make it difficult for sunlight to reach the lower layers, thus causing reduced primary production and lower efficiency. Most synthetic dyes are toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Most physico-chemical methods used conventionally for color removal have one or more limitations. These limitations include high cost, many chemical compounds, and limited applicability. These reasons led researchers and scientists to find biological and environmentally friendly methods (Vala and Dave, 2017).
The fungi have strong extracellular enzyme production capacity and most studies have been focused on them for finding environmentally friendly wates removal methods. There are many studies on fungal enzymes in terrestrial systems. However, there is not enough data on aquatic systems (Richards et al., 2012, Ben Ali et al., 2020). In marine environments, fungi are involved in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials. Lignolytic fungi of marine origin, including Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes, have spores with different characteristics than their terrestrial counterparts. The expression “grows only under sea conditions and creates spores” describes obligate marine fungi (Kohlmeyer and Kohlmeyer, 1979). “Facultative marine fungi” is a definition used for terrestrial-based fungi, which are capable of growth and spore formation in marine environments. The fungi perform degradation of lignin by extracellular enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase. These enzymes have also been reported to be effective on environmental contaminants such as dye and textile wastes, agricultural chemicals, and pulp mills wastes (Kiiskinen et al., 2004, Mtui and Nakamura, 2004).
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are a multigenic family of multicopper oxidase found in bacteria, fungi and plants (Reiss et al., 2013, Ben Ali et al., 2020). Fungal laccases are dimeric or tetrameric glycoproteins with four copper atoms in the catalytic domain per monomer. Laccases have a wide range of substrates that can serve industrial purposes and biological waste disposal processes. An important feature that distinguishes laccases from other lignolytic enzymes is that they do not need the addition of cofactors for their activity. The fact that these enzymes are usually secreted naturally and are highly stable outside the cell provide them an important advantage in environmental applications (Yoshitake et al., 1993, Ben Ali et al., 2020).
The production of laccases from new sources is very important industrially and one of these sources could be the marine environments. The fungi from marine sources that colonize mangrove leaves, ramages, weeds and pieces of wood can produce lignin degrading enzymes (Pointing and Hyde, 2000, Bucher et al., 2004). The fungi in marine systems are expected to adapt to growth under saline (10–34 ppt salinity) and alkaline conditions because the pH of the seawater is in the range of 7.5–8.2. The textile, paper, cellulose factories and molasses-using factories are industries that produce lignin-derived compounds as waste. Laccase producing marine-derived fungi are used for bioremediation applications of these wastes. The content of these wastes is alkaline and highly salty. The marine-derived fungi have adapted to salty and alkaline conditions due to their habitats. For this reason, the potential of facultative or obligate marine-origin fungi of these waste removal studies is high (Raghukumar et al., 2008).
In this study, a new isolation method of laccase producing fungi from two different aquatic environments such as lagoon and marine water was applied. Then, laccase production in saline and alkaline conditions by marine origin fungi, which are not frequently detected in these environments; was investigated by different media, indicator compounds and decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R dye. In addition, decolorization rates of dyes belonging to different chemical classes were examined without using mediators.
Section snippets
Study area and sample types
The samples were collected from Çakalburnu Lagoon and InciraltıCoast in Balçova, izmir, Turkey (northwest of İzmir, from 38.406° to 38.415°N and from 27.045° to 27.060°E) (Fig. 1). Sampling was carried out in different periods and as different sample types (surface water samples, sediment samples, algae and woody root samples in the lagoon, sterilized commercial orchid soil which contain 30% lignin was left in the aquatic system and taken at 10 days interval). There were three sampling points.
Measurements of environmental variables
In this study, temperature and pH values of sampling areas were measured with WTW, 315i portable measurement system. The marine and the lagoon aquatic systems showed differences in temperature and pH values; the average values are given in Table 1.
Isolation of laccase producing fungi
Laccase producing fungi have been isolated from both marine and lagoon stations. The four of the six isolates were isolated from the 30% lignin containing material (orchid soil) at the marine stations. Two laccase enzyme producers have been isolated
Discussion
The ability of fungi of marine origin to produce different bioactive compounds from their terrestrial counterparts is due to their ability to adapt to stresses such as salinity, high pressure, low temperature, and environments containing oligotrophic nutrients. Therefore, the secondary metabolites produced by fungi that can grow in these environments must be active for a long time and must be resistant to these stress conditions (Bugni and Ireland, 2004, Saleem et al., 2007). The focus has been
Conclusion
The findings of the study are promising for the prevention of marine pollution. Paper and pulp mills, molasses-based distillers, dyes and textile industries are some of the main industries that generate and discharge a high proportion of colored waste. It is necessary to remove these wastes by biological and environmentally friendly methods to prevent the pollution of the sea and associated water systems. These wastes are known to have high saline and alkaline content. Alternaria sp. D21
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Sultan Kübra Toker: Experimental study, Sampling, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Investigation. Hüseyin Evlat: Meth-odology, Experimental study, Sampling, Investigation. Ali Koçyi̇ği̇t: Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - review & editing, Project administration, Formal analysis.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. Project Number: 2017-FEN-037. We would like to thank Ege University Scientific Research Projects Unit, Turkey for financial support.
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