Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Microwave Enhanced Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan-Montmorillonite for Effective Removal of Methylene Blue

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Polymers and the Environment Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this work, sulfonated chitosan montmorillonite composite (S-CS-MT) beads were synthesized using a microwave irradiation method designed to have a better saving-time procedure. The potency of S-CS-MT as an adsorbent was assessed for the removal of cationic dyes such as methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The batch adsorption experiments indicated that MB adsorption onto S-CS-MT follows the Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum extent obtained from the Langmuir isotherm model for MB adsorption was 188.2 mg g−1 at 303 K. The thermodynamic study indicated that the adsorption reaction is favorable and spontaneous in nature. These findings indicated that montmorillonite chitosan grafted with the sulfonate group has the ability and efficacy as biohybrid adsorbent for the adsorption of cationic dyes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Mok CF, Ching YC, Muhamad F, Abu Osman NA, Hai ND, Che Hassan CR (2020) Adsorption of dyes using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PVA-based polymer composite adsorbents: a review. J Polym Environ 28:775–793

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Jawad AH, Mubarak NSA, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Hybrid crosslinked chitosan-epichlorohydrin/TiO2 nanocomposite for reactive red 120 dye adsorption: kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. J Polym Environ 28:624–637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Shi H, Dong C, Yang Y, Han Y, Wang F, Wang C, Men J (2020) Preparation of sulfonate chitosan microspheres and study on its adsorption properties for methylene blue. Int J Biol Macromol 163:2334–2345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Karimi-Maleh H, Ranjbari S, Tanhaei B, Ayati A, Orooji Y, Alizadeh M, Karimi F, Salmanpour S, Rouhi J, Sillanpää M, Sen F (2021) Novel 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide impregnated chitosan hydrogel beads nanostructure as an efficient nanobio-adsorbent for cationic dye removal: kinetic study. Environ Res 195:110809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Medeiros Borsagli FGL, Carvalho IC, Mansur HS (2018) Amino acid-grafted and N-acylated chitosan thiomers: construction of 3D bio-scaffolds for potential cartilage repair applications. Int J Biol Macromol 114:270–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Anirudhan TS, Rijith S (2012) Synthesis and characterization of carboxyl terminated poly(methacrylic acid) grafted chitosan/bentonite composite and its application for the recovery of uranium(VI) from aqueous media. J Environ Radioact 106:8–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Chatterjee S, Chatterjee T, Lim SR, Woo SH (2011) Adsorption of a cationic dye, methylene blue, on to chitosan hydrogel beads generated by anionic surfactant gelation. Environ Technol 32:1503–1514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Iordache ML, Dodi G, Hritcu D, Draganescu D, Chiscan O, Popa MI (2018) Magnetic chitosan grafted (alkyl acrylate) composite particles: synthesis, characterization and evaluation as adsorbents. Arab J Chem 11:1032–1043

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Zhang X, Sun J (2020) Synthesis, characterization, and properties of sulfonated chitosan for protein adsorption. Int J Polym Sci 2020:9876408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Xiang Y, Yang M, Guo Z, Cui Z (2009) Alternatively chitosan sulfate blending membrane as methanol-blocking polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cell. J Membr Sci 337:318–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wang W, Zhao Y, Bai H, Zhang T, Ibarra-Galvan V, Song S (2018) Methylene blue removal from water using the hydrogel beads of poly(vinyl alcohol)-sodium alginate-chitosan-montmorillonite. Carbohydr Polym 198:518–528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Nesic AR, Velickovic SJ, Antonovic DG (2012) Characterization of chitosan/montmorillonite membranes as adsorbents for bezactiv orange V-3R dye. J Hazard Mater 209:256–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wang W, Ni J, Chen L, Ai Z, Zhao Y, Song S (2020) Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-montmorillonite nanosheets composite hydrogel for dye effluent remediation. Int J Biol Macromol 165:1–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Kang S, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhang T, Chen T, Yi H, Song S (2018) Removal of methylene blue from water with montmorillonite nanosheets/chitosan hydrogels as adsorbent. Appl Surf Sci 448:203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. El-Kousy SM, El-Shorbagy HG, El-Ghaffar MAA (2020) Chitosan/montmorillonite composites for fast removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. Mater Chem Phys 254:123236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Zhao Y, Kang S, Qin L, Wang W, Zhang T, Song S, Komarneni S (2020) Self-assembled gels of Fe-chitosan/montmorillonite nanosheets: dye degradation by the synergistic effect of adsorption and photo-Fenton reaction. Chem Eng J 379:122322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kar S, Kaur T, Thirugnanam A (2016) Microwave-assisted synthesis of porous chitosan–modified montmorillonite–hydroxyapatite composite scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol 82:628–636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. da Silva JC, França D, Rodrigues F, Oliveira DM, Trigueiro P, Silva Filho E, Fonseca M (2021) What happens when chitosan meets bentonite under microwave-assisted conditions? Clay-based hybrid nanocomposites for dye adsorption. Colloids Surf A 609:125584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jawad AH, Mamat NH, Hameed B, Ismail K (2019) Biofilm of cross-linked chitosan-ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether for removal of reactive red 120 and methyl orange: adsorption and mechanism studies. J Environ Chem Eng 7:102965

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Gierszewska M, Jakubowska E, Olewnik-Kruszkowska E (2019) Effect of chemical crosslinking on properties of chitosan-montmorillonite composites. Polym Test 77:105872

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Sabar S, Aziz HA, Yusof N, Subramaniam S, Foo K, Wilson L, Lee H (2020) Preparation of sulfonated chitosan for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution. React Funct Polym 151:104584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Karaca S, Önal EÇ, Açışlı Ö, Khataee A (2021) Preparation of chitosan modified montmorillonite biocomposite for sonocatalysis of dyes: parameters and degradation mechanism. Mater Chem Phys 260:124125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Sirajudheen P, Meenakshi S (2020) Lanthanum (III) incorporated chitosan-montmorillonite composite as flexible material for adsorptive removal of azo dyes from water. Mater Today Proc 27:318–326

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Monvisade P, Siriphannon P (2009) Chitosan intercalated montmorillonite: preparation, characterization and cationic dye adsorption. Appl Clay Sci 42:427–431

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Sun Z, Shi C, Wang X, Fang Q, Huang J (2017) Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activities of sulfonated chitosan. Carbohydr Polym 155:321–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Vanamudan A, Pamidimukkala P (2015) Chitosan, nanoclay and chitosan–nanoclay composite as adsorbents for rhodamine-6G and the resulting optical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 74:127–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Guo Y, Ge X, Guan J, Wu L, Zhao F, Li H, Chen A (2016) A novel method for fabricating hybrid biobased nanocomposites film with stable fluorescence containing CdTe quantum dots and montmorillonite-chitosan nanosheets. Carbohydr Polym 145:13–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Alghamdi AA, Al-Odayni AB, Saeed WS, Al-Kahtani A, Alharthi FA, Aouak T (2019) Efficient adsorption of lead (II) from aqueous phase solutions using polypyrrole-based activated carbon. Mater 12:12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Reghioua A, Yaseen ZM (2020) Zwitterion composite chitosan-epichlorohydrin/zeolite for adsorption of methylene blue and reactive red 120 dyes. Int J Biol Macromol 163:756–765

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Jawad AH, Mubarak NSA, Abdulhameed AS (2020) Tunable Schiff’s base-cross-linked chitosan composite for the removal of reactive red 120 dye: adsorption and mechanism study. Int J Biol Macromol 142:732–741

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Lagergren S (1898) Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption gelöster stoffe, Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens. Handlingar, 24:1–39

  32. Ho Y, McKay G (1998) A comparison of chemisorption kinetic models applied to pollutant removal on various sorbents. Process Saf Environ Prot 76:332–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Foo KY, Hameed BH (2010) Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chem Eng J 156:2–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Rezakazemi M, Shirazian S (2019) Lignin-chitosan blend for methylene blue removal: adsorption modeling. J Mol Liq 274:778–791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Jyothi MS, Angadi VJ, Kanakalakshmi TV, Padaki M, Geetha BR, Soontarapa K (2019) Magnetic nanoparticles impregnated, cross-linked, porous chitosan microspheres for efficient adsorption of methylene blue from pharmaceutical waste water. J Polym Environ 27:2408–2418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Hosseini S, Khan MA, Malekbala MR, Cheah W, Choong TSY (2011) Carbon coated monolith, a mesoporous material for the removal of methyl orange from aqueous phase: adsorption and desorption studies. Chem Eng J 171:1124–1131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Hameed BH, Din ATM, Ahmad AL (2007) Adsorption of methylene blue onto bamboo-based activated carbon: kinetics and equilibrium studies. J Hazard Mater 141:819–825

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Albadarin AB, Collins MN, Naushad M, Shirazian S, Walker G, Mangwandi C (2017) Activated lignin-chitosan extruded blends for efficient adsorption of methylene blue. Chem Eng J 307:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Marrakchi F, Khanday W, Asif M, Hameed B (2016) Cross-linked chitosan/sepiolite composite for the adsorption of methylene blue and reactive orange 16. Int J Biol Macromol 93:1231–1239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Fan L, Luo C, Li X, Lu F, Qiu H, Sun M (2012) Fabrication of novel magnetic chitosan grafted with graphene oxide to enhance adsorption properties for methyl blue. J Hazard Mater 215:272–279

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Marrakchi F, Ahmed M, Khanday W, Asif M, Hameed B (2017) Mesoporous-activated carbon prepared from chitosan flakes via single-step sodium hydroxide activation for the adsorption of methylene blue. Int J Biol Macromol 98:233–239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Weber WJ, Morris JC (1963) Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. J Sanit Eng Div 89:31–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Boyd G, Adamson A, Myers L Jr (1947) The exchange adsorption of ions from aqueous solutions by organic zeolites. II. Kinetics1. J Am Chem Soc 69:2836–2848

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Chen Y, Long W, Xu H (2019) Efficient removal of Acid Red 18 from aqueous solution by in-situ polymerization of polypyrrole-chitosan composites. J Mol Liq 287:110888

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Kazemi J, Javanbakht V (2020) Alginate beads impregnated with magnetic Chitosan@ Zeolite nanocomposite for cationic methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 154:1426–1437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Banerjee S, Chattopadhyaya M (2017) Adsorption characteristics for the removal of a toxic dye, tartrazine from aqueous solutions by a low cost agricultural by-product. Arab J Chem 10:S1629–S1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Yan M, Huang W, Li Z (2019) Chitosan cross-linked graphene oxide/lignosulfonate composite aerogel for enhanced adsorption of methylene blue in water. Int J Biol Macromol 136:927–935

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, for supporting this project under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (203/PJJAUH/6711445). Nur Shazwani Abdul Mubarak would like to thank Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) for the fellowship under the USM Fellowship program. The authors also would like to thank School of Distance Education, School of Chemical Sciences, School of Physics and Centre for Global Archaeological Research, USM for its research facilities.

Funding

S. Sabar has received research support from Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia (203/PJJAUH/6711445). Nur Shazwani Abdul Mubarak has received a fellowship from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Sciences Programme, School of Distance Education (SDE), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia

    Nur Shazwani Abdul Mubarak, N. N. Bahrudin & S. Sabar

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    N. N. Bahrudin

  3. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Ali H. Jawad

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box: 2713, Doha, Qatar

    B. H. Hameed

Authors
  1. Nur Shazwani Abdul Mubarak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. N. Bahrudin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ali H. Jawad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. H. Hameed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. Sabar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

NSAM: Formal analysis, Writing—Original Draft, Visualization, NNB: Formal analysis, Investigation, Data Curation, Methodology, Validation, AHJ: Validation, Writing—Review & Editing, BHH: Validation, Writing—Review & Editing, Funding acquisition, SS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing—Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. Sabar.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Abdul Mubarak, N.S., Bahrudin, N.N., Jawad, A.H. et al. Microwave Enhanced Synthesis of Sulfonated Chitosan-Montmorillonite for Effective Removal of Methylene Blue. J Polym Environ 29, 4027–4039 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02172-9

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02172-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation