Abstract
Agroforestry can contribute significantly to carbon sequestration in agricultural lands, as carbon accumulates both in tree biomass and the soil. One of the oldest, yet declining, forms of agroforestry in Europe are hedgerow-bordered fields. An analysis of historical maps of our study area in Belgium shows that 70% of the hedgerow network was cleared since 1960, creating a large number of ‘ghost’ hedgerows. We selected arable fields next to hedgerows, 'ghost' hedgerows and grass strips to study how hedgerow trees influence SOC stocks and how much of these are still present after hedgerow clearing. SOC stocks to a depth of 23 cm reached up to 81.7 ± 28.8 Mg C ha−1 in hedgerows, storing a considerably larger amount of soil carbon compared to grass strips (56.6 ± 14.5 Mg C ha−1). These built-up stocks were completely gone in 'ghost' hedgerows (57.9 ± 14.1 Mg C ha−1). In the fields adjacent to hedgerows, SOC stocks were only slightly (and insignificantly) increased compared to stocks in fields with grass strips (56.4 ± 6.3 vs 55.6 ± 5.0 Mg C ha−1) with an exponential decay up to 30 m from the margin. This trend was still limitedly detectable in 'ghost' hedgerowbordered fields, however stocks were not elevated anymore (53.9 ± 6.1 Mg C ha−1). Since 1960, 4 957 ± 1 664 Mg C from the soil alone were released back into the atmosphere due to hedgerow removal in the study area. The implementation of a strict hedgerow conservation policy would thus be a highly effective climate change mitigation measure in agricultural landscapes.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Paul Pardon, Robbe De Beelde, Kris Ceunen and Luc Willems for their help during the fieldwork and to all the farmers who allowed us to take soil samples in their fields. We also thank Inge Vermeulen and Dirk Vandenbussche for providing access to the historical maps of Turnhout and ArcMap, Luc Willems and Greet De bruyn for conducting the chemical analyses of the soil samples, and Jonathan Janssens for layouting the figures.
Funding
Financial support was provided by the European Research Council to KV through the PASTFORWARD project (ERC Consolidator Grant no. 614839) and to PV through the FORMICA project (ERC Starting Grant no. 757833). TV was supported by the Special Research Fund (BOF) from Ghent University (01N02817).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Sanne Van Den Berge, Pieter Vangansbeke, Thomas Vanneste and Fien Vos, under the supervision of Lander Baeten and Kris Verheyen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Sanne Van Den Berge and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Van Den Berge, S., Vangansbeke, P., Baeten, L. et al. Soil carbon of hedgerows and ‘ghost’ hedgerows. Agroforest Syst 95, 1087–1103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00634-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00634-6