Abstract
Grapefruit and shaddock essential oils (EOs) have remarkable biological activities. Soil types are characterized by various properties which affect the essential oils of grapefruit and shaddock. Many Citrus species are cultivated in the Nile Valley of Egypt, which is characterized by its clay soil, but there are no large areas cultivated with both grapefruit and shaddock. The reclaimed desert in Egypt which characterized by sand soil is expanded by planting many Citrus species, which produce different residues such as leaves, flowers, and peels rich in essential oil, which is used in the production of natural raw materials as a source for medicine and food. Thus, the variations of grapefruit and shaddock essential oils and their constituents were evaluated under sand and clay soils to find out the extent of the opportunities for expanding their cultivation in the new reclamation region as a natural source of EO. The leaves, flower, and peel EOs of grapefruit and shaddock were isolated by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Samples collected from trees grown in sand soil produced the greatest amounts of essential oil in both species whatever the organ from which this oil was extracted. Limonene was of the major compound in both peel and flower grapefruit essential oils, while sabinene was the predominant one in leaves EO (39.8% and 44.8%, in clay and sand soils respectively). E-phytol, linalool, and limonene were the predominant constituent in leaves, flower, and peel of shaddock essential oil, respectively. Various identified constituents in leaves, flowers, and peels noteworthy the presence of oxygenated diterpenes in percentage not less than 33% in leaves shaddock essential oil which was completely omitted in the other organs and in the grapefruit EOs. The monoterpene hydrocarbon was the major chemical class in various essential oils of grapefruit; oxygenated diterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbon were the main chemical classes of leaves, flower, and peel essential oils from shaddock, respectively. In the essential oil contents (%), most of the main constituents and major chemical groups were higher under sand soil than clay soil. This study serves as a reference for selection the suitable soil to produce the essential oil according to the components of interest; also, this trial recommends the cultivation of both species in reclaimed sand soil of Egypt.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACC:
-
active calcium carbonate
- ANOVA:
-
analysis of variance
- C/N:
-
carbon/nitrogen
- CO2. :
-
carbon dioxide
- CoA:
-
coenzyme A
- EO:
-
essential oil
- GC:
-
gas chromatography
- HD:
-
hydro-distillation
- MH:
-
monoterpene hydrocarbons
- MS:
-
mass spectrometry
- OD:
-
oxygenated diterpenes
- OM:
-
oxygenated monoterpenes
- OS:
-
oxygenated sesquiterpenes
- SH:
-
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
- TCC:
-
total calcium carbonate
References
Aboukhalid K, Alfaiz C, Douaik A, Bakha M, Kursa K, Agacka-Mołdoch M, Machon N, Tomi F, Lamiri A (2017) Influence of environmental factors on essential oil variability in Origanum compactum BENTH growing wild in Morocco. Chem Biodivers 1-17(e17):00158. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700158
Adams RP (1995) Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Allured Publ Corp, Carol Stream, IL
Baghalian K, Haghiry A, Naghavi MR, Mohammadi A (2008) Effect of saline irrigation water on agronomical and phytochemical characters of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Sci Hort 116:437–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.02.014
Bhatla SC, Lal MA (2018) Secondary metabolites. In: Bhatla SC, Lal MA (eds) Plant physiology, development and metabolism. Springer, Singapore, pp 1099–1166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1
Chamorro ER, Zambón SN, Morales WG, Sequeira AF, Velasco GA (2012) Study of the chemical composition of essential oils by gas chromatography. National Technological University, Regional Faculty Resistance, UTN QUIMOBI Group, Argentina. https://doi.org/10.5772/33201
Chen Y, Li T, Bai J, Nong L, Ning Z, Hu Z, Xu A, Xu C (2018) Chemical cmposition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu. J Bio Active Prod Nat 8: 228–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/22311866.2018.1509730
Clevenger JF (1928) Apparatus for determination of essential oil. J Amer Pharm Asso 17:345–349. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.3080170407
Cristóbal-Luna JM, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Cevallos GC (2018) Grapefruit and its biomedical, antigenotoxic and chemopreventive properties. Food Chem Toxicol 112:224–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.038
Deng W, Liu K, Cao S, Sun J, Zhong B, Chun J (2020) Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of grapefruit essential oil prepared by molecular distillation. Molec 25(217):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010217
Diab KA (2016) In vitro studies on phytochemical content, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulatory, and antigenotoxic activities of lemon, grapefruit, and mandarin Citrus peels. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 17:3559–3567. https://doi.org/10.14456/apjcp.2016.134
Duarte AR, Naves R, Santos C, Seraphin JC, Ferri PH (2010) Genetic and environmental influence on essential oil composition of Eugenia dysenterica. J Braz Chem Soc 21:1459–1467. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532010000800008
Dung NX, Pha NM, Lô VN, An NTK, Leclercq PA (1991) The essential oil from the flowers of Citrus maxima (J. Burman) Merrill from Vietnam. J Ess Oil Res 3:359–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.1991.9697957
Foucart T (1982) Analyse Factorielle. Programmatiol Sur Micro- ordinateur, Masson ITCF Paris
Hardin A, Crandall PG, Stankus T (2010) Essential oils and antioxidants derived from Citrus by-products in food protection and medicine: an introduction and review of recent literature. J Agric Food Inf 11:99–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496501003680680
Hasani R, Mehregan I, Larijani K, Nejadsattari T, Scalone R (2017) Survey of the impacts of soil and climatic variations on the production of essential oils in Heracleum persicum. Biodiv 18:365–377. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180147
Hopkins WG (2003) Physiologie, végétale. edn. De Boeck, Bruxelles
Huang H, Lin L, Chiang L, Lay S, Wu C, Chen H (2017) Analysis of volatile compounds from different parts of Citrusgrandis (L.) Osbeck flowers by headspace solid-phase micro extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry. J Ess Oil BearPlant 20(4):1057–1065
Jeshni MG, Mousavinik M, Khammari I, Rahimi M (2017) The changes of yield and essential oil components of German Chamomile ( Matricaria recutita L.) under application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers and drought stress conditions. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 16:60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.02.003
Kamal GM, Anwar F, Hussain AI, Sarri N, Ashraf MY (2011) Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels. Int Food Res J 18:1275–1282
Khalid AK, Shedeed MR (2014) Influence of kinetin on growth and biochemical accumulation in Nigella sativa plants grow under salinity stress conditions. Thai J Agric Sci 47:195–203
Khalid AK, El-Gohary AE, Ahmed AMA (2020a) Raising the efficiency of lemon trees to produce essential oil by exogenous cysteine under various soil structures. J Essen Oil Bear Plant 23:194–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1736646
Khalid AK, El-Gohary AE, Ahmed AMA (2020b) Effect of growing seasons on the leaves essential oil composition of Citrus species that are cultivated in Egypt. J Ess Oil Res 32:296–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2020.1749947
Khalid K A (2015) Quality and quantity of Pimpinella anisum L. essential oil treated with macro and micronutrients under desert conditions. Int. Food Res. J 22: 2396–2402
Khan N H, Qian C J, Perveen N (2018) Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity determination of citrus maxima peel. Pharm Pharmacol Int J 6:279-285. https://doi.org/10.15406/ppij.2018.06.00187
Mehalaine S, Chenchouni H (2020) Plants of the same place do not have the same metabolic pace: soil properties affect differently essential oil yields of plants growing wild in semiarid Mediterranean lands. Arab J Geoscien 13:1263. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201700158
Melito S, Sias A, Petretto GL, Chessa M, Pintore G, Porceddu A (2013) Genetic and metabolite diversity of Sardinian populations of Helichrysum italicum. PLoS One 8:e79043. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079043
Ozogul Y, Ozogul F, Kulawik P (2021) The antimicrobial effect of grapefruit peel essential oil and its nanoemulsion on fish spoilage bacteria and food-borne pathogens. LWT Food Sci Tech 136:110362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110362
Paoli M, De Rocca SD, Tomi F, Luro F, Bighelli A (2016) Chemical composition of the leaves essential oil of grapefruits (Citrus paradisi Macf.) in relation with the genetic origin. J Ess Oil Res 28:265–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2016.1140090
Passioura JB (1991) Soil structure and plant growth. Aust J Soil Res 29:717–728. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9910717
Rapposelli E, Melito S, Barmina GG, Foddai M, Azara E, Scarpa GM (2015) Relationship between soil and essential oil profiles in Salvia desoleana populations: preliminary results. Nat Prod Comm 10:1615–1618. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0211534
Razmjoo K, Heydarizadeh P, Sabzalian MR (2008) Effect of salinity and drought stresses on growth parameters and essential oil content of Matricaria chamomile. Int J Agric Bio 10:451–454
Robson AD (1989) Soil acidity and plant growth. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia
Shaaban HAH, El-Ghorab AH, Takayuki S (2012) Bioactivity of essential oils and their volatile aroma components: review. J Essent Oil Res 24:203–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2012.659528
Singh M, Masroor M, Naeem KM (2016) Effect of nitrogen on growth, nutrient assimilation, essential oil content, yield and quality attributes in Zingiber officinalis Rosc. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 15:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2014.11.002
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1990) Statistical methods, 11th edn. Iowa State Univ Press, Ames Iowa USA
Thavanapong N, Wetwitayaklung P, Charoenteeraboon J (2010) Comparison of essential oils compositions of Citrusmaxima Merr. peel obtained by cold press and vacuum stream distillation methods and of its peel and flower extract obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction method and their antimicrobial activity. J Esse Oil Res 22: 71–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2010.9700268
Tursun A O, Telci I (2020) The effects of carbon dioxide and temperature on essential oil composition of purple basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.), J. Ess. Oil Bear, Plant. 23: 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1741452
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the National Research Centre (NRC) for its facilitation during this scientific work.
Funding
This work is funded by the National Research Centre.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have studied and approved the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Khalid, K.A., Ahmed, A.M.A. Effect of Soil Type on Grapefruit and Shaddock Essential Oils. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 21, 2048–2056 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00501-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-021-00501-4