Abstract
Today’s information-rich world has become more flexible, and its development trusts upon green technologies. Due to rise in demand for proficient transmission of worldwide information and communication, a portable podium is required. Small electronic devices such as portable computers, mobile phones and other electronic devices serve as encouraging entrants that have endorsed the swift progression of information handling and allocation. Attributable to the increased use of portable electronic devices, the batteries have become closely associated with human life and hardly there will be an area without its application. The devices used for these purposes are made of critical elements which have matchless properties inimitable by other materials. Such metals are in high ultimatum and head-on supply insecurity because of several hurdles in recycling technologies. For handling the supply challenges associated with these metals, new approaches have been adopted to isolate these elements from secondary sources. The discarding of voluminous spent batteries has produced a compulsion to discover ways to recover and recycle metals that exist for the development of recycling facility. This report is envisioned to be an appreciated reference for providing state of art of hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical treatments for the management of spent nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. It has been revealed that efficient hydrometallurgical recycling techniques proved to be helpful in terms of environmental defence and maintenance of resources.
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Abbreviations
- EVs:
-
Electric vehicles
- PV:
-
Photovoltaic energy
- HEVs:
-
Hybrid electric vehicles
- PHEVs:
-
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- SLI:
-
Starting, lighting and Ignition
- Emp:
-
Material production energy for the battery
- Emnf:
-
Manufacturing energy for the battery
- Ectg:
-
Cradle to gate energy for a battery
- D2EHPA or P204:
-
Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid
- MTOAC:
-
Methyltrioctylammonium chloride
- LIX:
-
Hydroxyoximes—chelating agents
- Versatic 10:
-
Neodecanoic acid
- MextralR 272P or Cyanex 272:
-
Bis(2, 4, 4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid
- PC 88A:
-
2-Ethylexyl hydrogen 2-ethylhexyl phosphonate
- Cyanex 923:
-
A mixture of trialkyl phosphine oxides
- EDTA:
-
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- HPLC:
-
High-performance liquid chromatography
- FTIR:
-
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
- SEM:
-
Scanning electron microscope
- FESEM:
-
Field emission scanning electron microscope
- EDX:
-
Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis
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The authors extend gratefulness to the authorities of Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University for their continuous support to carry out this review work.
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Pradhan, S., Nayak, R. & Mishra, S. A review on the recovery of metal values from spent nickel metal hydride and lithium-ion batteries. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 4537–4554 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03356-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03356-5