Abstract
The auditory mismatch negativity, a component of the event-related potential elicited by an unexpected stimulus in a sequence of acoustic stimuli, provides an objective measure of the accuracy of the echoic information processing of the human brain in vivo. Auditory mismatch negativity is also a useful probe of cortical glutamatergic N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor activity and disturbance. Notably, auditory mismatch negativity is consistently impaired in schizophrenia. Because of the wide spectrum extending from bipolar affective illness and schizoaffective psychosis to typical schizophrenia, we examined the literature on auditory mismatch negativity in bipolar disorder with the aim to find any neurophysiological dysfunction concerning pre-attentive information processing shared by these clinical conditions. This focused review includes 26 original articles published in peer-reviewed journals and indexed in the National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine (PubMed) search system. Overall, evidence is consistent with the finding that auditory mismatch negativity is impaired in bipolar disorder with psychotic features, even though to a lesser extent than in schizophrenia. It must be acknowledged that, in a few twin and family studies, mismatch negativity abnormalities were not specifically associated with bipolar disorder. In conclusion, auditory mismatch negativity research supports the involvement of the N-methyl-d-aspartate system in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder, as previously assessed for schizophrenia, thus creating an intriguing trait d’union between these two mental illnesses and stimulating the development of novel therapeutic agents. With additional replication and validation, auditory mismatch negativity may be further considered as a correlate of a common psychopathology of schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum illnesses.
About the authors
Alberto Raggi studied Medicine at the University of Bologna and graduated cum Laude. He served his residency in Psychiatry at the University of Modena and in Neurology at the University of Florence and is board certified in both specialties. He has worked as a staff neurologist for some hospitals in the north of Italy (Borgomanero, Faenza, Piacenza), the Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Unit of the San Raffaele Turro Hospital in Milan – Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, and the Department of Neurology of the Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging in Troina. He works at the Neurology Unit of the G.B. Morgagni – L. Pierantoni public Hospital of Forlì since 2012. He has authored publications in both international and national scientific journals. He has served as an occasional reviewer for several neuroscience journals.
Giuseppe Lanza is a Senior Academic Researcher and Assistant Professor of Applied Medical Sciences Techniques at the University of Catania (Italy). After graduating with honors in Medicine in 2007, he specialized in Neurology and got the international PhD at the same University. As Clinical Research Fellow, he further trained in Clinical Neurophysiology at the Newcastle University (UK). From 2013 to 2018, he worked as a Consultant Neurologist at the “Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS” in Troina (Italy), a WHO collaborating center. He has authored >80 scientific publications in international peer-reviewed journals, in addition to book chapters and abstracts, and currently serves as Editor and invited Reviewer of several Journals. In the last years, he has obtained the Master of Science in Clinical Research and the National Scientific Qualification as Full Professor. Recently, he has received the “Elio Lugaresi Award for Education” during the last World Sleep Congress in Vancouver and has been appointed as the Chief of the Research Unit “Clinical Neurophysiology” of the Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS and the University of Catania.
Raffaele Ferri received his M.D. in 1981 from the Catholic University of Rome (Italy) where he also received the specialization in Neurology in 1985. Dr. Ferri is the scientific Director of the Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS in Troina (Italy) and chairs its Sleep Research Centre. Dr. Ferri has been involved in clinical research and care for decades, first at the Catholic University in Rome and then at the Oasi Research Institute. Dr. Ferri has published >500 papers in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, in addition to book chapters and abstracts. He acts as an Associate Editor for Sleep, PLOS One, and International Journal of Psychophysiology and is the current President of the Associazione Scientifica Italiana per la Ricerca e l’Educazione nella Medicina del Sonno (ASSIREM), Past-President of the Italian Association of Sleep Medicine (AIMS), and Member-at-large of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG).
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
References
Alho, K., Paavilainen, P., Reinikainen, K., Sams, M., and Naatanen, R. (1986). Separability of different negative components of the event-related potential associated with auditory stimulus processing. Psychophysiology 23: 613–623. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00680.x.Search in Google Scholar
Andersson, S., Barder, H.E., Hellvin, T., Lovdahl, H., and Malt, U.F. (2008). Neuropsychological and electrophysiological indices of neurocognitive dysfunction in bipolar II disorder. Bipolar Disord. 10: 888–899. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2008.00638.x.Search in Google Scholar
Baldeweg, T. and Hirsch, S.R. (2015). Mismatch negativity indexes illness-specific impairments of cortical plasticity in schizophrenia: a comparison with bipolar disorder and Alzheimer’s disease. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 95: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.03.008.Search in Google Scholar
Baldeweg, T., Richardson, A., Watkins, S., Foale, C., and Gruzelier, J. (1999). Impaired auditory frequency discrimination in dyslexia detected with mismatch evoked potentials. Ann. Neurol. 45: 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<495::aid-ana11>3.0.co;2-m.10.1002/1531-8249(199904)45:4<495::AID-ANA11>3.0.CO;2-MSearch in Google Scholar
Bardsley, B., Parker, D., and Lockton, E. (2014). Implementation of integrated mismatch negativity in differentiating children with specific language impairment. Neuropediatrics 45: 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1349723.Search in Google Scholar
Barnett, J.H. and Smoller, J.W. (2009). The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 164: 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.080.Search in Google Scholar
Berrios, G.E. and Beer, D. (1994). The notion of a unitary psychosis: a conceptual history. Hist. Psychiatry 5: 13–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957154x9400501702.Search in Google Scholar
Braeutigam, S., Dima, D., Frangou, S., and James, A. (2018). Dissociable auditory mismatch response and connectivity patterns in adolescents with schizophrenia and adolescents with bipolar disorder with psychosis: a magnetoencephalography study. Schizophr. Res. 193: 313–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.048.Search in Google Scholar
Carvalho, A.F., Firth, J., and Vieta, E. (2020). Bipolar disorder. N. Engl. J. Med. 383: 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1906193.Search in Google Scholar
Catts, S.V., Shelley, A.M., Ward, P.B., Liebert, B., McConaghy, N., Andrews, S., and Michie, P.T. (1995). Brain potential evidence for an auditory sensory memory deficit in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 213–219, doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.152.2.213.Search in Google Scholar
Chitty, K.M., Kaur, M., Lagopoulos, J., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2014). Risky alcohol use predicts temporal mismatch negativity impairments in young people with bipolar disorder. Biol. Psychol. 99: 60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.02.013.Search in Google Scholar
Chitty, K.M., Lagopoulos, J., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2015a). Hippocampal glutamatergic/NMDA receptor functioning in bipolar disorder: a study combining mismatch negativity and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychiatry Res. 233: 88–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.05.002.Search in Google Scholar
Chitty, K.M., Lagopoulos, J., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2015b). Investigating the role of glutathione in mismatch negativity: an insight into NMDA receptor disturbances in bipolar disorder. Clin. Neurophysiol. 126: 1178–1184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.09.025.Search in Google Scholar
Chitty, K.M., Lagopoulos, J., Kaur, M., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2015c). The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor as a neurobiological intersection between bipolar disorder and alcohol use: a longitudinal mismatch negativity study. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyu113.Search in Google Scholar
Chitty, K.M., Lagopoulos, J., Lee, R.S., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2013). A systematic review and meta-analysis of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mismatch negativity in bipolar disorder. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 23: 1348–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.07.007.Search in Google Scholar
Clementz, B.A., Sweeney, J.A., Hamm, J.P., Ivleva, E.I., Ethridge, L.E., Pearlson, G.D., Keshavan, M.S., and Tamminga, C.A. (2016). Identification of distinct psychosis biotypes using brain-based biomarkers. Am. J. Psychiatry 173: 373–384, doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14091200.Search in Google Scholar
Comerchero, M.D. and Polich, J. (1999). P3a and P3b from typical auditory and visual stimuli. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110: 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-5597(98)00033-1.Search in Google Scholar
Dang, Y.H., Ma, X.C., Zhang, J.C., Ren, Q., Wu, J., Gao, C.G., and Hashimoto, K. (2014). Targeting of NMDA receptors in the treatment of major depression. Curr. Pharm. Des. 20: 5151–5159, doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612819666140110120435.Search in Google Scholar
Dawson, G.D. (1954). A summation technique for the detection of small evoked potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 6: 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(54)90007-3.Search in Google Scholar
de Tommaso, M., Betti, V., Bocci, T., Bolognini, N., Di Russo, F., Fattapposta, F., Ferri, R., Invitto, S., Koch, G., and Miniussi, C., et al.. (2020). Pearls and pitfalls in brain functional analysis by event-related potentials: a narrative review by the Italian Psychophysiology and Cognitive Neuroscience Society on methodological limits and clinical reliability-part I. Neurol. Sci. 41: 2711–2735, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04420-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Demyttenaere, K., Bruffaerts, R., Posada-Villa, J., Gasquet, I., Kovess, V., Lepine, J.P., et al.. (2004). Prevalence, severity, and unmet need for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization World mental Health surveys. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 291: 2581–2590.10.1001/jama.291.21.2581Search in Google Scholar
Di Florio, A., Craddock, N., and van den Bree, M. (2014). Alcohol misuse in bipolar disorder. A systematic review and meta-analysis of comorbidity rates. Eur. Psychiatry 29: 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.07.004.Search in Google Scholar
Domjan, N., Csifcsak, G., Drotos, G., Janka, Z., and Szendi, I. (2012). Different patterns of auditory information processing deficits in chronic schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychotic features. Schizophr. Res. 139: 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.06.002.Search in Google Scholar
Donaldson, K.R., Novak, K.D., Foti, D., Marder, M., Perlman, G., Kotov, R., and Mohanty, A. (2020). Associations of mismatch negativity with psychotic symptoms and functioning transdiagnostically across psychotic disorders. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 129: 570–580, doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000506.Search in Google Scholar
Erickson, M.A., Ruffle, A., and Gold, J.M. (2016). A meta-analysis of mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: from clinical risk to disease specificity and progression. Biol Psychiatry 79: 980–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.025.Search in Google Scholar
Faro, A., Giordano, D., Kavasidis, I., Pino, C., Spampinato, C., Cantone, M.G., Lanza, G., and Pennisi, M. (2010). An interactive tool for customizing clinical Transacranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) experiments. In: Bamidis, P.D., and Pallikarakis, N. (Eds.), XII Mediterranean conference on medical and biological engineering and computing 2010. IFMBE proceedings, Vol. 29. Springer, Berlin, pp. 200–203.10.1007/978-3-642-13039-7_50Search in Google Scholar
Ferri, R., Elia, M., Agarwal, N., Lanuzza, B., Musumeci, S.A., and Pennisi, G. (2003). The mismatch negativity and the P3a components of the auditory event-related potentials in autistic low-functioning subjects. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114: 1671–1680. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00153-6.Search in Google Scholar
Friedman, D., Cycowicz, Y.M., and Gaeta, H. (2001). The novelty P3: an event-related brain potential (ERP) sign of the brain’s evaluation of novelty. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 25: 355–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(01)00019-7.Search in Google Scholar
Gene-Cos, N., Ring, H.A., Pottinger, R.C., and Barrett, G. (1999). Possible roles for mismatch negativity in neuropsychiatry. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. 12: 17–27.Search in Google Scholar
Giard, M.H., Perrin, F., Pernier, J., and Bouchet, P. (1990). Brain generators implicated in the processing of auditory stimulus deviance: a topographic event-related potential study. Psychophysiology 27: 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb03184.x.Search in Google Scholar
Grande, I., Berk, M., Birmaher, B., and Vieta, E. (2016). Bipolar disorder. Lancet 387: 1561–1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00241-x.Search in Google Scholar
Grillon, C., Courchesne, E., Ameli, R., Geyer, M.A., and Braff, D.L. (1990). Increased distractibility in schizophrenic patients. Electrophysiologic and behavioral evidence. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 47: 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810140071010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hall, M.H., Rijsdijk, F., Kalidindi, S., Schulze, K., Kravariti, E., Kane, F., Sham, P., Bramon, E., and Murray, R.M. (2007). Genetic overlap between bipolar illness and event-related potentials. Psychol. Med. 37: 667–678, doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170600972x.Search in Google Scholar
Hall, M.H., Schulze, K., Rijsdijk, F., Kalidindi, S., McDonald, C., Bramon, E., Murray, R.M., and Sham, P. (2009). Are auditory P300 and duration MMN heritable and putative endophenotypes of psychotic bipolar disorder? A Maudsley Bipolar Twin and Family Study. Psychol. Med. 39: 1277–1287, doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709005261.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hermens, D.F., Chitty, K.M., and Kaur, M. (2018). Mismatch negativity in bipolar disorder: a neurophysiological biomarker of intermediate effect?. Schizophr. Res. 191: 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.04.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hill, S.K., Reilly, J.L., Keefe, R.S., Gold, J.M., Bishop, J.R., Gershon, E.S., Tamminga, C.A., Pearlson, G.D., Keshavan, M.S., and Sweeney, J.A. (2013). Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder: findings from the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) study. Am. J. Psychiatry 170: 1275–1284, doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101298.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Iadarola, N.D., Niciu, M.J., Richards, E.M., Vande Voort, J.L., Ballard, E.D., Lundin, N.B., Lundin, N.B., Nugent, A.C., Machado-Vieira, R., and Zarate, C.A.Jr. (2015). Ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists in the treatment of depression: a perspective review. Ther. Adv. Chronic Dis. 6: 97–114, doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2040622315579059.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Ivleva, E.I., Bidesi, A.S., Thomas, B.P., Meda, S.A., Francis, A., Moates, A.F., Witte, B., Keshavan, M.S., and Tamminga, C.A. (2012). Brain gray matter phenotypes across the psychosis dimension. Psychiatry Res. 204: 13–24, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.05.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jahshan, C., Cadenhead, K.S., Rissling, A.J., Kirihara, K., Braff, D.L., and Light, G.A. (2012a). Automatic sensory information processing abnormalities across the illness course of schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 42: 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001061.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jahshan, C., Wynn, J.K., Mathis, K.I., Altshuler, L.L., Glahn, D.C., and Green, M.F. (2012b). Cross-diagnostic comparison of duration mismatch negativity and P3a in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Bipolar Disord. 14: 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01008.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Javitt, D.C. (2000). Intracortical mechanisms of mismatch negativity dysfunction in schizophrenia. Audiol. Neuro. Otol. 5: 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1159/000013882.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Javitt, D.C., Grochowski, S., Shelley, A.M., and Ritter, W. (1998). Impaired mismatch negativity (MMN) generation in schizophrenia as a function of stimulus deviance, probability, and interstimulus/interdeviant interval. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 108: 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-5597(97)00073-7.Search in Google Scholar
Javitt, D.C., Steinschneider, M., Schroeder, C.E., and Arezzo, J.C. (1996). Role of cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in auditory sensory memory and mismatch negativity generation: implications for schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 11962–11967. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.21.11962.Search in Google Scholar
Jemel, B., Achenbach, C., Muller, B.W., Ropcke, B., and Oades, R.D. (2002). Mismatch negativity results from bilateral asymmetric dipole sources in the frontal and temporal lobes. Brain Topogr. 15: 13–27. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1019944805499.10.1023/A:1019944805499Search in Google Scholar
Judd, L.L. and Akiskal, H.S. (2003). The prevalence and disability of bipolar spectrum disorders in the US population: re-analysis of the ECA database taking into account subthreshold cases. J. Affect. Disord. 73: 123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00332-4.Search in Google Scholar
Kaur, M., Battisti, R.A., Lagopoulos, J., Ward, P.B., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2012a). Neurophysiological biomarkers support bipolar-spectrum disorders within psychosis cluster. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 37: 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.110081.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kaur, M., Battisti, R.A., Ward, P.B., Ahmed, A., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2011). MMN/P3a deficits in first episode psychosis: comparing schizophrenia-spectrum and affective-spectrum subgroups. Schizophr. Res. 130: 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.03.025.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kaur, M., Chitty, K.M., Lagopoulos, J., Hickie, I.B., Duffy, S.L., and Hermens, D.F. (2019). Elucidating the glutamatergic processes underlying mismatch negativity deficits in early stage bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: a combined 1H-MRS and EEG study. J. Psychiatr. Res. 113: 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.03.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kaur, M., Lagopoulos, J., Lee, R.S., Ward, P.B., Naismith, S.L., Hickie, I.B., and Hermens, D.F. (2013). Longitudinal associations between mismatch negativity and disability in early schizophrenia- and affective-spectrum disorders. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 46: 161–169, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kaur, M., Lagopoulos, J., Ward, P.B., Watson, T.L., Naismith, S.L., Hickie, I.B., Hermens, D.F. (2012b). Mismatch negativity/P3a complex in young people with psychiatric disorders: a cluster analysis. PLoS One 7: e51871. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051871.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kavasidis, I., Pino, C., Spampinato, C., Maiorana, F., and Lanza, G. (2012). Performance evaluation of classifiers in distinguishing mental tasks from EEG signals. Proceedings of the 9th IASTED International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, BioMed, pp. 171–177.10.2316/P.2012.764-167Search in Google Scholar
Kenemans, J.L. and Kahkonen, S. (2011). How human electrophysiology informs psychopharmacology: from bottom-up driven processing to top-down control. Neuropsychopharmacology 36: 26–51. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2010.157.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, S., Baek, J.H., Shim, S.H., Kwon, Y.J., Lee, H.Y., Yoo, J.H., and Kim, J.S. (2020). Mismatch negativity indices and functional outcomes in unipolar and bipolar depression. Sci. Rep. 10: 12831, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69776-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, S., Jeon, H., Jang, K.I., Kim, Y.W., Im, C.H., and Lee, S.H. (2019a). Mismatch negativity and cortical thickness in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Bull. 45: 425–435. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kim, Y., Kwon, A., Min, D., Kim, S., Jin, M.J., and Lee, S.H. (2019b). Neurophysiological and psychological predictors of social functioning in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig 16: 718–727. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.07.28.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Koshiyama, D., Miura, K., Nemoto, K., Okada, N., Matsumoto, J., Fukunaga, M., and Hashimoto, R. (2020). Neuroimaging studies within cognitive genetics collaborative research Organization aiming to replicate and extend works of ENIGMA. Hum. Brain Mapp., doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kuhne, G.E., Morgner, J., and Koselowski, G. (1988). The model of unitary psychosis as a basis for understanding affective processes in psychoses. Psychopathology 21: 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1159/000284548.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lang, A.H., Eerola, O., Korpilahti, P., Holopainen, I., Salo, S., and Aaltonen, O. (1995). Practical issues in the clinical application of mismatch negativity. Ear Hear. 16: 118–130. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003446-199502000-00009.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Leung, S., Croft, R.J., Guille, V., Scholes, K., O’Neill, B.V., Phan, K.L., and Nathan, P.J. (2010). Acute dopamine and/or serotonin depletion does not modulate mismatch negativity (MMN) in healthy human participants. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 208: 233–244, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1723-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Li, J., Tang, Y., Womer, F., Fan, G., Zhou, Q., Sun, W., Xu, K., and Wang, F. (2018). Two patterns of anterior insular cortex functional connectivity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 19: S115–S123, doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1274051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maggioni, E., Bellani, M., Altamura, A.C., and Brambilla, P. (2016). Neuroanatomical voxel-based profile of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 25: 312–316. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000275.Search in Google Scholar
Moreira, A.L.R., Van Meter, A., Genzlinger, J., and Youngstrom, E.A. (2017). Review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies of adult bipolar disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 78: e1259–e1269. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.16r11165.Search in Google Scholar
Murray, E.D., Buttner, N., and Price, B.H. (2012). Depression and psychosis in neurological practice. In: Bradley, W.G., Daroff, R.B., Fenichel, G.M., and Jankovic, J. (Eds.). Neurology in clinical practice, 6th ed. London: Butterworth Heinemann.10.1016/B978-1-4377-0434-1.00009-8Search in Google Scholar
Musci, R.J., Augustinavicius, J.L., and Volk, H. (2019). Gene-environment interactions in Psychiatry: recent evidence and clinical implications. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 21: 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1065-5.Search in Google Scholar
Näätänen, R. (1990). The role of attention in auditory information processing as revealed by event-related potentials and other brain measures of cognitive function. Behav. Brain Sci. 13: 201–233. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00078407.Search in Google Scholar
Naatanen, R., Gaillard, A.W., and Mantysalo, S. (1978). Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted. Acta Psychol. 42: 313–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6918(78)90006-9.Search in Google Scholar
Naatanen, R., Kujala, T., Kreegipuu, K., Carlson, S., Escera, C., Baldeweg, T., and Ponton, C. (2011). The mismatch negativity: an index of cognitive decline in neuropsychiatric and neurological diseases and in ageing. Brain 134: 3435–3453, doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr064.Search in Google Scholar
Naatanen, R. and Michie, P.T. (1979). Early selective-attention effects on the evoked potential: a critical review and reinterpretation. Biol. Psychol. 8: 81–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(79)90053-x.Search in Google Scholar
Naatanen, R., Paavilainen, P., Tiitinen, H., Jiang, D., and Alho, K. (1993). Attention and mismatch negativity. Psychophysiology 30: 436–450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02067.x.Search in Google Scholar
Ogura, C., Nageishi, Y., Omura, F., Fukao, K., Ohta, H., Kishimoto, A., and Matsubayashi, M. (1993). N200 component of event-related potentials in depression. Biol Psychiatry 33: 720–726, https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(93)90122-t.Search in Google Scholar
Paavilainen, P., Tiitinen, H., Alho, K., and Naatanen, R. (1993). Mismatch negativity to slight pitch changes outside strong attentional focus. Biol. Psychol. 37: 23–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(93)90025-4.Search in Google Scholar
Paris, M., Mahajan, Y., Kim, J., and Meade, T. (2018). Emotional speech processing deficits in bipolar disorder: the role of mismatch negativity and P3a. J. Affect. Disord. 234: 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Pekkonen, E. (2000). Mismatch negativity in aging and in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Audiol. Neuro. Otol. 5: 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1159/000013883.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clin. Neurophysiol. 118: 2128–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Raggi, A., Tasca, D., Rundo, F., and Ferri, R. (2013). Stability of auditory discrimination and novelty processing in physiological aging. Behav. Neurol. 27: 193–200. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/462462.Search in Google Scholar
Ramadan, S., Lin, A., and Stanwell, P. (2013). Glutamate and glutamine: a review of in vivo MRS in the human brain. NMR Biomed. 26: 1630–1646. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.3045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rinne, T., Alho, K., Ilmoniemi, R.J., Virtanen, J., and Naatanen, R. (2000). Separate time behaviors of the temporal and frontal mismatch negativity sources. Neuroimage 12: 14–19. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2000.0591.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sablaban, I.M. and Sivananthan, M. (2019). A man made manic: levodopa-carbidopa-induced mania in traumatic brain injury. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord. 21. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.18br02379.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Salisbury, D.F., Kuroki, N., Kasai, K., Shenton, M.E., and McCarley, R.W. (2007). Progressive and interrelated functional and structural evidence of post-onset brain reduction in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64: 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.521.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Schaffer, A., Isometsa, E.T., Tondo, L., D, H.M., Turecki, G., Reis, C., Cassidy, F., Sinyor, M., Azorin, J.M., and Kessing, L.V., et al.. (2015). International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide: meta-analyses and meta-regression of correlates of suicide attempts and suicide deaths in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 17: 1–16, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12271.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sekhon, S. and Gupta, V. (2020). Mood disorder. In: StatPearls. Florida: Treasure Island.Search in Google Scholar
Shimano, S., Onitsuka, T., Oribe, N., Maekawa, T., Tsuchimoto, R., Hirano, S., Ueno, T., Hirano, Y., Miura, T., and Kanba, S. (2014). Preattentive dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder as revealed by the pitch-mismatch negativity: a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study. Bipolar Disord. 16: 592–599, doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12208.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Siggins, G.R., Martin, G., Roberto, M., Nie, Z., Madamba, S., and De Lecea, L. (2003). Glutamatergic transmission in opiate and alcohol dependence. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1003: 196–211. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1300.012.Search in Google Scholar
Stahl, E.A., Breen, G., Forstner, A.J., McQuillin, A., Ripke, S., Trubetskoy, V., Mattheisen, M., Wang, Y., Coleman, J.R.I., and Gaspar, H.A., et al., Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (2019). Genome-wide association study identifies 30 loci associated with bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 51: 793–803, doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0397-8.Search in Google Scholar
Takei, Y., Kumano, S., Maki, Y., Hattori, S., Kawakubo, Y., Kasai, K., Fukuda, M., and Mikuni, M. (2010). Preattentive dysfunction in bipolar disorder: a MEG study using auditory mismatch negativity. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 34: 903–912, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.014.Search in Google Scholar
Tamminga, C.A., Ivleva, E.I., Keshavan, M.S., Pearlson, G.D., Clementz, B.A., Witte, B., Morris, D.W., Bishop, J., Thaker, G.K., and Sweeney, J.A. (2013). Clinical phenotypes of psychosis in the bipolar-schizophrenia network on intermediate phenotypes (B-SNIP). Am. J. Psychiatry 170: 1263–1274, doi:https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101339.Search in Google Scholar
Thaker, G.K. (2008). Neurophysiological endophenotypes across bipolar and schizophrenia psychosis. Schizophr. Bull. 34: 760–773. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbn049.Search in Google Scholar
Umbricht, D.S., Bates, J.A., Lieberman, J.A., Kane, J.M., and Javitt, D.C. (2006). Electrophysiological indices of automatic and controlled auditory information processing in first-episode, recent-onset and chronic schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 59: 762–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.030.Search in Google Scholar
Umbricht, D., Javitt, D., Novak, G., Bates, J., Pollack, S., Lieberman, J., and Kane, J. (1998). Effects of clozapine on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44: 716–725, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00524-6.Search in Google Scholar
Umbricht, D., Javitt, D., Novak, G., Bates, J., Pollack, S., Lieberman, J., and Kane, J. (1999). Effects of risperidone on auditory event-related potentials in schizophrenia. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2: 299–304, doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145799001595.Search in Google Scholar
Umbricht, D., Koller, R., Vollenweider, F.X., and Schmid, L. (2002). Mismatch negativity predicts psychotic experiences induced by NMDA receptor antagonist in healthy volunteers. Biol. Psychiatry 51: 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01242-2.Search in Google Scholar
Umbricht, D. and Krljes, S. (2005). Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr. Res. 76: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Vieta, E. and Phillips, M.L. (2007). Deconstructing bipolar disorder: a critical review of its diagnostic validity and a proposal for DSM-V and ICD-11. Schizophr. Bull. 33: 886–892. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm057.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Walker, J., Curtis, V., and Murray, R.M. (2002). Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities in pathogenic mechanisms but differences in neurodevelopment. Int. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 17: S11–S19.Search in Google Scholar
Watson, T.D., Petrakis, I.L., Edgecombe, J., Perrino, A., Krystal, J.H., and Mathalon, D.H. (2009). Modulation of the cortical processing of novel and target stimuli by drugs affecting glutamate and GABA neurotransmission. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 12: 357–370. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145708009334.Search in Google Scholar
Zamudio, P.A., Gioia, D.A., Lopez, M., Homanics, G.E., and Woodward, J.J. (2020). The escalation in ethanol consumption following chronic intermittent ethanol exposure is blunted in mice expressing ethanol-resistant GluN1 or GluN2A NMDA receptor subunits. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-020-05680-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
