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Contamination, source attribution, and potential health risks of heavy metals in street dust of a metropolitan area in Southern Vietnam

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Abstract

This study investigates distribution, pollution indices, and potential risk assessment for human health and ecology of eight heavy metals in twenty-five street dust samples collected from metropolitan area—Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Results showed that Zn was of the highest concentration (466.4 ± 236.5 mg/kg), followed by Mn (393.9 ± 93.2 mg/kg), Cu (153.7 ± 64.7 mg/kg), Cr (102.4 ± 50.5 mg/kg), Pb (49.6 ± 21.4 mg/kg), Ni (36.2 ± 15.4 mg/kg), Co (7.9 ± 1.9 mg/kg), and Cd (0.5 ± 0.5 mg/kg). The principal component analysis revealed that three sources of heavy metals measured in street dust include vehicular activities (32.38%), mixed source of vehicular and residential activities (26.72%), and mixture of industrial and natural sources (20.23%). The geo-accumulation index values showed levels of non-pollution to moderately pollution for Mn and Co; moderately pollution for Ni; moderately to strongly pollution for Cd, Cr, and Pb; and strongly pollution for Cu and Zn. The potential ecological risk values of all sampling sites were close to the high-risk category. Zn (28.9%), Cu (25.4%), and Mn (24.4%) dominantly contributed to the ecological risk. For non-carcinogenic risk, the hazard quotient values for both children and adults were within a safety level. For carcinogenic risk, the TCRChildren was about 3 times higher than TCRAdults, but still within a tolerable limit (1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4) of cancer risk. Cr was a major contribution to potential risks in humans. Such studies on heavy metal in street dust are crucial but are still limited in Vietnam/or metropolitan area in Southeast Asia. Therefore, this study can fill the information gap about heavy metal contaminated street dust in a metropolitan area of Vietnam.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at [DOI].

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Acknowledgments

This work belongs to the project 2021 funded by Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Vietnam. The authors would like to thank for joint collaboration of researchers from different Universities. The authors are grateful to Mr. Hong-Thang Nguyen and Mr. Minh-Duc Nguyen for their assistance with sampling during the study. We would like to thank Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for the support of time for this study.

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Author notes

  1. Nguyen Duy Dat and Van-Truc Nguyen contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Chemical & Food Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and Education, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Nguyen Duy Dat, Anh Thi-Kim Tran & Thi-Tinh-Au Nguyen

  2. Department of Environmental Sciences, Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Van-Truc Nguyen & Manh-Ha Bui

  3. Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo

  4. Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung ward, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Xuan-Thanh Bui

  5. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam

    Xuan-Thanh Bui

  6. Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Ly Sy Phu Nguyen

  7. Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Ly Sy Phu Nguyen

  8. Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    Xuan-Cuong Nguyen

  9. Faculty of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam

    Xuan-Cuong Nguyen

  10. Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, 2, Lienda, Na-Shih Li, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan ROC

    Yun-Ru Ju

  11. Graduate Institute of Applied Geology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32000, Taiwan ROC

    Thi-Minh-Trang Huynh

  12. College of Maritime, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, City, 81157, Taiwan ROC

    Duy-Hieu Nguyen

  13. Department of Environmental Engineering, Dayeh University, 168 University Road, Dacun, Changhua, 51591, Taiwan ROC

    Hiep-Nghia Bui

  14. Department of Marine Environmental Engineering Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan ROC

    Chitsan Lin

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Contributions

Sampling, sample analysis, investigation, software, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing: NgDD and V-TN; data curation, conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing: M-HB, LSPN, X-CN; AT-KT, T-T-AN, Y-RJ, T-M-TH, D-HN, H-NB; supervision, conceived, designed the methodology, writing—review and editing: T-D-HV, X-TB, CL.

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Correspondence to Thi-Dieu-Hien Vo.

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Dat, N.D., Nguyen, VT., Vo, TDH. et al. Contamination, source attribution, and potential health risks of heavy metals in street dust of a metropolitan area in Southern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 50405–50419 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14246-1

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