Abstract
Implementing new and effective control strategies to reduce populations of invasive species is needed to offset their negative impacts worldwide. The spread of Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois sp.) through much of the western Atlantic has been one of the most publicized marine invasions globally, and is considered a major biodiversity threat whose longer-term impacts are still uncertain. Marine managers have explored several strategies to control lionfish, such as fishing tournaments (derbies) and commercial fisheries. Commercial fisheries for invasive species are controversial because they could create perverse incentives to maintain these populations, and they have never been demonstrated to successfully control target populations. We analyzed the development and impacts of an opportunistic fishing operation aimed at commercializing invasive lionfish in the Mexican Caribbean. We examined official lionfish landings and compared them to catches from lionfish derbies and lionfish densities from locations in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. We found that commercial fishers, particularly from one fishing cooperative on Cozumel Island, were effective at catching lionfish, with landings peaking at 20,000 individuals in 2014. This number is comparable to the number of lionfish caught in derbies across the entire Caribbean in the same year. Ecological survey data suggest a ~ 60% reduction in lionfish density on Cozumel reefs over two years (2013–2015), matching the peak landings in the lionfish fishing operation. However, the fishery’s apparent success as a control tool during the time window analyzed seemed to trigger its own demise: a decline in landings was followed by evaporating market interest and loss of economic viability. If fisheries are to be established and used as management strategies to control future invasions, managers must develop strategic collaboration plans with commercial fishing partners.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
We used two sources of data in this paper. The first is qualitative data from interviews, which were firstly reported on internal reports by the non-governmental organization, Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C. (COBI), and are available upon request to: sfulton@cobi.org.mx. The second is ecological data on the status of the lionfish population in Cozumel, and lionfish fisheries landings reported by commercial fishers to the Mexican Fisheries Ministry (CONAPESCA). These two datasets are available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13208102.v1.
Code availability
R scripts for statistical analyses made are available for download at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13208102.v1.
References
Aguilar-Perera A (2013) Eating lionfish: an effective solution to control its invasion? In: Proceedings of the 65th Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, vol 65, pp 315–320
Albins MA, Hixon MA (2008) Invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans reduce recruitment of Atlantic coral-reef fishes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 367:233–238. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps07620
Albins MA, Hixon MA (2013) Worst case scenario: potential long-term effects of invasive predatory lionfish (Pterois volitans) on Atlantic and Caribbean coral-reef communities. Environ Biol Fishes 96:1151–1157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-011-9795-1
Andradi-Brown DA, Grey R, Hendrix A et al (2017a) Depth-dependent effects of culling-do mesophotic lionfish populations undermine current management? R Soc Open Sci 4:170027. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170027
Andradi-Brown DA, Vermeij MJA, Slattery M et al (2017b) Large-scale invasion of western Atlantic mesophotic reefs by lionfish potentially undermines culling-based management. Biol Invasions 19:939–954. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1358-0
Arias-Gonzalez JE, Gonzalez-Gandara C, Luis Cabrera J, Christensen V (2011) Predicted impact of the invasive lionfish Pterois volitans on the food web of a Caribbean coral reef. Environ Res 111:917–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.07.008
Barbour AB, Allen MS, Frazer TK, Sherman KD (2011) Evaluating the potential efficacy of invasive lionfish (Pterois volitans) removals. PLoS ONE 6:e19666. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0019666
Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Walker S (2015) fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01
Bellard C, Cassey P, Blackburn TM (2016) Alien species as a driver of recent extinctions. Biol Lett 12:20150623. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0623
Benkwitt CE (2013) Density-dependent growth in invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans). PLoS ONE 8:e66995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066995
Benkwitt CE et al (2017) Is the lionfish invasion waning? Evidence from the Bahamas. Coral Reefs 36:1255–1261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-017-1620-7
Blakeway RD, Jones GA, Boekhoudt B (2020) Controlling lionfishes (Pterois spp.) with consumption: Survey data from Aruba demonstrate acceptance of nonnative lionfishes on the menu and in seafood markets. Fish Manag Ecol 27:227–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12404
Bradshaw CJA et al (2016) Massive yet grossly underestimated global costs of invasive insects. Nat Commun 7:12986. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12986
Carrillo-Flota EdC, Aguilar-Perera A (2017) Stakeholder perceptions of red lionfish (Pterois volitans) as a threat to the ecosystem and its potential for human consumption in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Ocean Coast Manag 136:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.027
Chagaris D et al (2017) An ecosystem-based approach to evaluating impacts and management of invasive Lionfish. Fisheries 42:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2017.1340273
Chapman JK, Anderson LG, Gough CLA, Harris AR (2016) Working up an appetite for lionfish: A market-based approach to manage the invasion of Pterois volitans in Belize. Mar Policy 73:256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.07.023
Charles AT (ed) (2000) Sustainable fishery systems. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford
Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Cisneros-Mata MA, Harper S, Pauly D (2013) Extent and implications of IUU catch in Mexico’s marine fisheries. Mar Policy 39:283–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.003
Clark CW (1990) Mathematical bioeconomics: optimal management of renewable resources. Wiley, Hoboken
CONAPESCA (2001) Decreto por el que se crea la Comisión Nacional de Acualcultura y Pesca. Diario Oficial de la Federación, Ciudad de Mexico
Côté IM, Smith NS (2018) The lionfish Pterois sp. invasion: Has the worst-case scenario come to pass? J Fish Biol 92:660–689. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13544
Côté IM, Green SJ, Hixon MA (2013) Predatory fish invaders: Insights from Indo-Pacific lionfish in the western Atlantic and Caribbean. Biol Conserv 164:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.014
Côté IM, Darling ES, Malpica-Cruz L et al (2014) What doesn’t kill you makes you wary? Effect of repeated culling on the behaviour of an invasive predator. PLoS ONE 9:e94248. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094248
Cure K, Benkwitt CE, Kindinger TL et al (2012) Comparative behavior of red lionfish Pterois volitans on native Pacific versus invaded Atlantic coral reefs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 467:181–192. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09942
Curtis JS, Wall KR, Albins MA, Stallings CD (2017) Diet shifts in a native mesopredator across a range of invasive lionfish biomass. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 573:215–228
Dahl K, Patterson W (2017) Targeting an invader: the hunt for lionfish and management solutions. Fisheries 42:440–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2017.1348049
Dahl KA, Portnoy DS, Hogan JD et al (2018) Genotyping confirms significant cannibalism in northern Gulf of Mexico invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans. Biol Invasions 20:3513–3526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-018-1791-3
de Wit MP, Crookes DJ, van Wilgen BW (2001) Conflicts of interest in environmental management: estimating the costs and benefits of a tree invasion. Biol Invasions 3:167–178. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014563702261
Didham RK, Tylianakis JM, Hutchison MA, Ewers RM, Gemmell NJ (2005) Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends Ecol Evol 20:470–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.07.006
Ellis R, Faletti M (2016) Native grouper indirectly ameliorates the negative effects of invasive lionfish. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 558:267–279. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps11808
Espinoza-Tenorio A, Espejel I, Wolff M, Alberto Zepeda-Domínguez J (2011) Contextual factors influencing sustainable fisheries in Mexico. Mar Policy 35:343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2010.10.014
Finlayson AC, McKay BJ (2000) Crossing the threshold of ecosystem resilience: the commercial extinction of northern cod. In: Berkes F, Folke C, Colding J (eds) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. University Press, Cambridge, pp 311–338
Fryxell JM, Hilborn R, Bieg C et al (2017) Supply and demand drive a critical transition to dysfunctional fisheries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114:12333–12337. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705525114
Gibbs L, Atchison J, Macfarlane I (2015) Camel country: assemblage, belonging and scale in invasive species geographies. Geoforum 58:56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.10.013
Graham RT, Carcamo R, Rhodes KL, Roberts CM, Requena N (2008) Historical and contemporary evidence of a mutton snapper (Lutjanus analis Cuvier, 1828) spawning aggregation fishery in decline. Coral Reefs 27:311–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-007-0329-4
Green SJ, Akins JL, Maljkovic A, Côté IM (2012a) Invasive lionfish drive Atlantic coral reef fish declines. PLoS ONE 7:e32596. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032596
Green SJ, Tamburello N, Miller SE, Akins JL, Côté IM (2012b) Habitat complexity and fish size affect the detection of Indo-Pacific lionfish on invaded coral reefs. Coral Reefs 32:413–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-012-0987-8
Green SJ, Dulvy NK, Brooks AML, Akins JL, Cooper AB, Miller S, Côté IM (2014) Linking removal targets to the ecological effects of invaders: a predictive model and field test. Ecol Appl 24:1311–1322. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0979.1
Green SJ, Underwood EB, Akins JL (2017) Mobilizing volunteers to sustain local suppression of a global marine invasion. Conserv Lett 10:726–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12426
Gress E, Arroyo-Gerez MJ, Wright G, Andradi-Brown DA (2018) Assessing mesophotic coral ecosystems inside and outside a Caribbean marine protected area. R Soc Open Sci 5:180835. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180835
Gurevitch J, Padilla DK (2004) Are invasive species a major cause of extinctions? Trends Ecol Evol 19:470–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.07.005
Hackerott S, Valdivia A, Green SJ et al (2013) Native predators do not influence invasion success of Pacific lionfish on Caribbean reefs. PLoS ONE 8:e68259. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068259
Hackerott S, Valdivia A, Cox CE, Silbiger NJ, Bruno JF (2017) Invasive lionfish had no measurable effect on prey fish community structure across the Belizean Barrier Reef. PeerJ 5:e3270. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3270
Harris HE, Fogg AQ, Gittings SR et al (2020b) Testing the efficacy of lionfish traps in the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS ONE 15:e0230985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230985
Harris HE, Fogg AQ, Allen MS et al (2020a) Precipitous declines in northern Gulf of Mexico invasive lionfish populations following the emergence of an ulcerative skin disease. Sci Rep 10:1934. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58886-8
Harrison XA et al (2018) A brief introduction to mixed effects modelling and multi-model inference in ecology. PeerJ 6:e4794. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4794
Hulme PE (2009) Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. J Appl Ecol 46:10–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01600.x
Ingeman KE (2016) Lionfish cause increased mortality rates and drive local extirpation of native prey. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 558:235–245
Johnston MW, Purkis SJ, Dodge RE (2015) Measuring Bahamian lionfish impacts to marine ecological services using habitat equivalency analysis. Mar Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-015-2745-2
Katsanevakis S, Wallentinus I, Zenetos A et al (2014) Impacts of invasive alien marine species on ecosystem services and biodiversity: a pan-European review. Aquat Invasions 9:391–423
Kindinger TL, Albins MA (2017) Consumptive and non-consumptive effects of an invasive marine predator on native coral-reef herbivores. Biol Invasions 19:131–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1268-1
Kramer P, McField M, Álvarez-Filip L, Drysdale I, Flores MR, Giró A, Pott R (2015) Report card for the Mesoamerican Reef. Healthy Reefs Initiative. (https://www.healthyreefs.org)
Levine JM, D’Antonio CM (2003) Forecasting biological invasions with increasing international trade. Conserv Biol 17:322–326. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02038.x
Maljković A, van Leeuwen TE, Cove SN (2008) Predation on the invasive red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Pisces: Scorpaenidae), by native groupers in the Bahamas. Coral Reefs 27:501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-008-0372-9
Malpica-Cruz L, Chaves LCT, Côté IM (2016) Managing marine invasive species through public participation: Lionfish derbies as a case study. Mar Policy 74:158–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.09.027
Malpica-Cruz L, Haider W, Smith NS, Fernández-Lozada S, Côté IM (2017) Heterogeneous attitudes of tourists toward Lionfish in the Mexican Caribbean: implications for invasive species management. Front Mar Sci 4:138
Malpica-Cruz L, Green SJ, Côté IM (2019) Temporal and ontogenetic changes in the trophic signature of an invasive marine predator. Hydrobiologia 839:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-019-03996-2
Matsuishi T et al (2006) Are the exploitation pressures on the Nile perch fisheries resources of Lake Victoria a cause for concern? Fish Manag Ecol 13:53–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2006.00477.x
Miller DJ (1989) Introductions and extinction of fish in the African great lakes. Trends Ecol Evol 4:56–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(89)90145-6
Mkumbo OC, Marshall BE (2015) The Nile perch fishery of Lake Victoria: current status and management challenges. Fish Manag Ecol 22:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/fme.12084
Morris JA, Whitfield PE (2009) Biology, ecology, control and management of the invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish: an updated integrated assessment. NOOA Technical Memorandum NOS NCCOS 99
Morris JA, Shertzer KW, Rice JA (2010) A stage-based matrix population model of invasive lionfish with implications for control. Biol Invasions 13:7–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-010-9786-8
Mumby PJ, Harborne AR, Brumbaugh DR (2011) Grouper as a natural biocontrol of invasive lionfish. PLoS ONE 6:e21510. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0021510
Nugent G, Choquenot D (2004) Comparing cost-effectiveness of commercial harvesting, state-funded culling, and recreational deer hunting in New Zealand. Wildl Soc Bull 32:481–492. https://doi.org/10.2193/0091-7648(2004)32[481:ccochs]2.0.co;2
Nuñez MA, Kuebbing S, Dimarco RD, Simberloff D (2012) Invasive species: to eat or not to eat, that is the question. Conserv Lett 5:334–341
Paddack MJ et al (2009) Recent region-wide declines in Caribbean reef fish abundance. Curr Biol 19:590–595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.041
Pasko S, Goldberg J (2014) Review of harvest incentives to control invasive species. Manag Biol Invasions 5:263–277
Pejchar L, Mooney HA (2009) Invasive species, ecosystem services and human well-being. Trends Ecol Evol 24:497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.016
Pérez-España H, Abarca-Arenas LG, Jiménez-Badillo MdL (2006) Is fishing-down trophic web a generalized phenomenon?: The case of Mexican fisheries. Fish Res 79:349–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2006.03.027
R Core Team (2016) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. https://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 10 June 2015
Rodriguez, C, González M, González C, Rivas A, Gourdin F, Gómez R, Torres R, Ordóñez J, and Dávila V (2014) Estrategia Regional para el control del Pez León en el Arrecife Mesoamericano. Fondo SAM. 53 pp
Roheim CA (2009) An Evaluation of Sustainable Seafood Guides: Implications for Environmental Groups and the Seafood Industry. Mar Resour Econ 24(301–310):310
Sabido-Itzá MM, García-Rivas MdC (2019) Record of abundance, spatial distribution and gregarious behavior of invasive lionfish Pterois spp. (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) in coral reefs of Banco Chinchorro Biosphere Reserve, southeastern Mexico. Lat Am J Aquat Res 47:349–355
Sabido-Itzá MM, Aguilar-Perera A, Medina-Quej A (2016a) Length–weight and length–length relations, and relative condition factor of red lionfish, Pterois volitans (Actinopterygii: Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae), from two natural protected areas in the Mexican Caribbean. Acta Ichthyol Piscat 46:279–285
Sabido-Itzá MM, Medina-Quej A, Navarrete AdJ, Gómez-Poot JM, García-Rivas MdC (2016b) La estructura de tallas como evidencia del establecimiento de Pterois volitans (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) en el sur del Caribe mexicano. Rev Biol Trop 64:353–362
Sadovy de Mitcheson Y et al (2013) Fishing groupers towards extinction: a global assessment of threats and extinction risks in a billion dollar fishery. Fish Fish 14:119–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00455.x
Schlaepfer MA, Sax DF, Olden JD (2011) The potential conservation value of non-native species. Conserv Biol 25:428–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01646.x
Schofield PJ (2009) Geographic extent and chronology of the invasion of non-native lionfish (Pterois volitans [Linnaeus 1758] and P. miles [Bennett 1828]) in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. Aquat Invasions 4:473–479. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2009.4.3.5
Schofield PJ (2010) Update on geographic spread of invasive lionfishes (Pterois volitans [Linnaeus, 1758] and P. miles [Bennett, 1828]) in the Western North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Aquat Invasions 5:S117–S122. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2010.5.S1.024
Simberloff D et al (2013) Impacts of biological invasions: what’s what and the way forward. Trends Ecol Evol 28:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.07.013
Smith NS (2019) Conceptual and applied approaches to marine invasions. PhD Dissertation, Simon Fraser University
Stallings CD (2009) Fishery-Independent data reveal negative effect of human population density on Caribbean predatory fish communities. PLoS ONE 4:e5333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005333
Sutherland WJ, Clout M, Côté IM et al (2010) A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010. Trends Ecol Evol 25:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2009.10.003
Sutherland WJ, Barnard P, Broad S et al (2017) A 2017 horizon scan of emerging issues for global conservation and biological diversity. Trends Eco Evo 32:31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.11.005
Tlusty MF (2012) Environmental improvement of seafood through certification and ecolabelling: theory and analysis. Fish Fish 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00404.x
Trotta KA (2014) Socioeconomics of the lionfish derby fishery. Master's thesis Dissertation, Nova Southeastern University
Valdivia A, Cox CE, Bruno JF (2017) Predatory fish depletion and recovery potential on Caribbean reefs. Sci Adv 3:e1601303. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601303
Vilà M et al (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x
Westphal MI, Browne M, MacKinnon K, Noble I (2008) The link between international trade and the global distribution of invasive alien species. Biol Invasions 10:391–398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9138-5
Wickham H et al (2019) Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Softw 4:1686. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01686
Williams N (2010) Major lionfish hunt launched. Curr Biol 20:R1005–R1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.11.048
Zuur AF, Ieno EN, Elphick CS (2010) A protocol for data exploration to avoid common statistical problems. Methods Ecol Evol 1:3–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00001.x
Acknowledgements
We greatly acknowledge the fishing cooperatives of Quintana Roo, particularly the Cozumel Cooperative (Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Cozumel), for their leadership in lionfish control efforts; CONANP, particularly the Cozumel Reefs National Parks Office for their support and regional leadership to control lionfish.
Funding
L. Malpica-Cruz was supported during fieldwork in 2014 by a research grant from the International Development Research Center from Canada (Award #107473–99906075-043), and a research grant from the Rufford Foundation (#15373–1). Support for ecological and fisheries data collection was provided by the Summit Foundation, MARFund (#RG-OAK-COBI-2017), The Oak Foundation (#OCAY-13–569), and the Inter-American Foundation (#ME-517) to COBI, A.C.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The first author, L. Malpica-Cruz, declares no conflict of interest. L. Malpica-Cruz conceived of the article, performed data analysis and wrote the first draft. A. Quintana, J.A. Zepeda-Domínguez and I.M. Côté also declare no conflict of interest. S. Fulton works for the non-governmental organization, Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C. (COBI), which has worked with the Cozumel Cooperative on the commercial lionfish fishery; they provided ecological and interview data, and contextual information to interpret the program results. L. Tamayo and J.A. Canto Noh work for the Sociedad Cooperativa de Producción Pesquera Cozumel (Cozumel Cooperative), which participated in the commercial lionfish fishery. They provided fisheries-dependent ecological data and contextual insights about the fishery’s outcomes. B. Quiroga works for the National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP). All authors listed revised the manuscript for critical intellectual content; edited the manuscript; approve of the final manuscript form; and agree to be accountable for this work.
Ethics statement
The Mexican-based institutions participating in this study—Universidad Autonoma de Baja California (UABC: L. Malpica-Cruz) and Comunidad y Biodiversidad A.C (COBI: S. Fulton) are not required to receive approval from ethics committees and/or develop ethics protocols for studies involving research with humans. However, before the start of interviews or focus groups all participants gave informed consent to provide information for this study. Authors took reasonable precautions (e.g., using an encrypted hard drive; not recording names with audio files or quotations; monitoring subjects to assess whether questions were causing emotional distress) to ensure well-being and confidentiality for all of the participants.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Malpica-Cruz, L., Fulton, S., Quintana, A. et al. Trying to collapse a population for conservation: commercial trade of a marine invasive species by artisanal fishers. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries 31, 667–683 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09660-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-021-09660-0