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Statistical Optimization of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Biosynthesis Using the Spent Mushroom Substrate by Bacillus tequilensis PSR-2

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Abstract

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) belonging to the polyhydroxyalkanoates family is a natural polyester used as a biodegradable plastic for various commercial applications. In this study, soil samples from the vegetable oil processing industry were used to screen for PHB-producing bacteria using Sudan black B staining. Among the isolated bacteria, PHB positive PSR-2 isolate was chosen as a potent PHB producer. The phylogenetic tree revealed that the PSR-2 isolate has a high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.9% with Bacillus tequilensis. The PHB content of 2.8 ± 0.09 g/L was produced by PSR-2 isolate in 48 h in a nutrient broth medium containing 1% glucose compared to the PHB production of 1.6 ± 0.08% by the reference strain, Bacillus circulans. Taguchi method was used to optimize PHB production using the alkali-pretreated spent mushroom substrate of sugarcane bagasse (SMS-SB) as an additional carbon substrate along with other energy sources. The optimized factors in the contribution of PHB production from the highest- to the lowest-ranking are as follows: alkali-pretreated SMS-SB, glucose, glycerol, peptone, ammonium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate at 30 ºC, pH 7.0, which resulted in the production of 12.4 ± 0.95 g/L PHB was higher than the predicted value of 11.59 g/L. The synthesized PHB was characterized using Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed the presence of hydroxyl (–OH), methyl (–CH3), methine (=CH–), methylene (–CH2–) and ester carbonyl (>C=O) groups, which confirmed the PHB structure. Thus, alkali-pretreated SMS-SB plays a significant role as an energy substrate for the production of PHB. This gives the knowledge to utilize cost-effective lignocellulosic agro-waste materials as a feedstock for the sustainable production of biodegradable PHB for many biomedical applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India for fellowship support through Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE) program (IF150441), and the Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology (#2019R1I1A3A01062440). We are also grateful to Prof. John Lawson, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA for assistance with R statistical programming, and Dr. Sankar Ganesh Devaraj, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India for GC-MS data analysis.

Funding

The work was supported by DST (Department of Science and Technology, Government of India) and NRF (National Research Foundation of Korea, South Korea; Grant No. #2019R1I1A3A01062440).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Virudhunagar Hindu Nadars’ Senthikumara Nadar College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, 626 001, India

    Kanagavel Susithra, Gandhi Premkumar & Kaniappan Rajarathinam

  2. School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea

    Kannan Badri Narayanan

  3. Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 021, India

    Uthandakalaipandian Ramesh, Chellaiah Edward Raja & Marikani Kannan

  4. Department of Botany, Sri Kaliswari College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, 626 123, India

    Govindaraju Varatharaju

  5. Department of Chemistry, Virudhunagar Hindu Nadars’ Senthikumara Nadar College (Autonomous), Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu, 626 001, India

    Arunachalam Vijayakumar

Authors
  1. Kanagavel Susithra
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  2. Kannan Badri Narayanan
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  3. Uthandakalaipandian Ramesh
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  5. Gandhi Premkumar
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  7. Arunachalam Vijayakumar
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  8. Marikani Kannan
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  9. Kaniappan Rajarathinam
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Contributions

KS: conceptualization, project administration, funding acquisition, methodology, & writing—original draft. KBN: validation, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, & final draft preparation. UR: analysis of report & investigation. CER: experimental data analysis & interpretation of data. GP: statistical analysis, contribution in manuscript preparation, content preparation & supervision. GV: troubleshooting & formal analysis. AV: interpretation of data and formal analysis. MK: manuscript review & editing. KR: manuscript draft, interpretation of data & supervision.

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Correspondence to Kannan Badri Narayanan or Gandhi Premkumar.

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Susithra, K., Narayanan, K.B., Ramesh, U. et al. Statistical Optimization of Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Biosynthesis Using the Spent Mushroom Substrate by Bacillus tequilensis PSR-2. Waste Biomass Valor 12, 6709–6725 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01460-8

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