Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-45l2p Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T11:19:59.080Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Resilience-promoting policies and contexts for children of color in the United States: Existing research and future priorities

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Natalie Slopen Open the ORCID record for Natalie Slopen [Opens in a new window]  and
David R. Williams
Natalie Slopen*
Affiliation:
Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
David R. Williams
Affiliation:
Department of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Departments of African and African American Studies and of Sociology, Harvard University, Massachusetts Hall, Cambridge, MA, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Natalie Slopen, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA02115. E-mail: nslopen@hsph.harvard.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The health status of children in the United States varies by racial and ethnic, shaped by an interrelated set of systems that disadvantage children of color in the United States. In this article, we argue for a broad view of resilience, in both research and policy, that views resilience not just as a property of individuals but also as a characteristic of social contexts and policies. Accordingly, we describe the empirical evidence for policies and contexts as factors that can improve health among children and families that are deprived of equal opportunities and resources due to structural racism. We discuss the evidence and opportunities for policies and interventions across a variety of societal systems, including programs to promote economic and food security, early education, health care, and the neighborhood and community context. Based on this evidence and other research on racism and resilience, we conclude by outlining some directions for future research.

Keywords

adolescentschildrenhealth disparitiesinterventionsresilienceracism
Type
Special Issue Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 33 , Special Issue 2: Honoring the Legacy of Ed Zigler's Lifetime Contributions to Science, Society, and Child Wellbeing , May 2021 , pp. 614 - 624
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abshire, C., McDowell, M., Crockett, A. H., & Fleischer, N. L. (2019). The impact of centering pregnancy group prenatal care on birth outcomes in Medicaid eligible women. Journal of Womens Health, 28, 919–928. doi:10.1089/jwh.2018.7469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acevedo-Garcia, D., Noelke, C., McArdle, N., Sofer, N., Huntington, N., Hardy, E., … Reece, J. (2020). The geography of child opportunity: why neighborhoods matter for equity: Brandeis: The Heller School for Social Policy and Management. Retrieved from http://new.diversitydatakids.org/sites/default/files/file/ddk_the-geography-of-child-opportunity_2020v2.pdf.Google Scholar
Akee, R. K., Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2010). Parents’ incomes and children's outcomes: a quasi-experiment using transfer payments from casino profits. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2, 86–115. doi:10.1257/app.2.1.86Google Scholar
Akee, R., Simeonova, E., Copeland, W., Angold, A., & Costello, J. (2010). Does more money make you fat? The effects of quasi-experimental income transfers on adolescent and young adult obesity. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5135. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1663175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Almond, D., Hoynes, H. W., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2011). Inside the war on poverty: The impact of food stamps on birth outcomes. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93, 387–403. doi:10.2307/23015943CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics. (2015). Promoting food security for all children. Pediatrics, 136, e1431–e1438. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asfaw, A., & Colopy, M. (2017). Association between parental access to paid sick leave and children's access to and use of healthcare services. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 60, 276–284. doi:10.1002/ajim.22692CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartel, A. P., Kim, S., Nam, J., Rossin-Slater, M., Ruhm, C., & Waldfogel, J. (2019). Racial and ethnic disparities in access to and use of paid family and medical leave: evidence from four nationally representative datasets. Monthly Labor Review. doi: 10.21916/mlr.2019.2Google Scholar
Beck, A. F., Cohen, A. J., Colvin, J. D., Fichtenberg, C. M., Fleegler, E. W., Garg, A., … Kahn, R. S. (2018). Perspectives from the Society for Pediatric Research: interventions targeting social needs in pediatric clinical care. Pediatric Research, 84, 10–21. doi:10.1038/s41390-018-0012-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. F., Huang, B., Wheeler, K., Lawson, N. R., Kahn, R. S., & Riley, C. L. (2017). The Child Opportunity Index and disparities in pediatric asthma hospitalizations across one Ohio metropolitan area, 2011-2013. The Journal of Pediatrics, 190, 200–206.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, A. F., Klein, M. D., Schaffzin, J. K., Tallent, V., Gillam, M., & Kahn, R. S. (2012). Identifying and treating a substandard housing cluster using a medical-legal partnership. Pediatrics, 130, 831–838. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0769CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, G. G., Merritt, M. M., Sollers Iii, J. J., Edwards, C. L., Whitfield, K. E., Brandon, D. T., & Tucker, R. D. (2004). Stress, coping, and health outcomes among African-Americans: a review of the John Henryism hypothesis. Psychology & Health, 19, 369–383. doi:10.1080/0887044042000193505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benz, J. K., Espinosa, O., Welsh, V., & Fontes, A. (2011). Awareness of racial and ethnic health disparities has improved only modestly over a decade. Health Affairs, 30, 1860–1867. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2010.0702CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bernstein, H., McTarnaghan, S., & Gonzalez, D. (2019). Safety net access in the context of the public charge rule. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Bierman, K. L., Welsh, J., Heinrichs, B. S., & Nix, R. L. (2018). Effect of preschool home visiting on school readiness and need for services in elementary school: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 172, e181029. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1029CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boon, H., Cottrell, A., King, D., Stevenson, R., & Millar, J. (2012). Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory for modelling community resilience to natural disasters. Natural Hazards, 60, 381. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-0021-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braveman, P. A., Egerter, S. A., Woolf, S. H., & Marks, J. S. (2011). When do we know enough to recommend action on the social determinants of health? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, S58–S66. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bridge, J. A., Asti, L., Horowitz, L. M., Greenhouse, J. B., Fontanella, C. A., Sheftall, A. H., … Campo, J. V. (2015). Suicide trends among elementary school-aged children in the united states from 1993 to 2012. JAMA Pediatrics, 169, 673–677. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0465CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Lei, M.-K., Chae, D. H., Yu, T., Kogan, S. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2014). Perceived discrimination among African American adolescents and allostatic load: a longitudinal analysis with buffering effects. Child Development, 85, 989–1002. doi:10.1111/cdev.12213CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Miller, G. E., Yu, T., Beach, S. R., & Chen, E. (2016). Supportive family environments ameliorate the link between racial discrimination and epigenetic aging: A replication across two longitudinal cohorts. Psychological Science, 27, 530–541. doi:10.1177/0956797615626703CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Kogan, S. M., & Beach, S. R. (2013). Is resilience only skin deep?: Rural African Americans’ socioeconomic status-related risk and competence in preadolescence and psychological adjustment and allostatic load at age 19. Psychol Science, 24, 1285–1293. doi:10.1177/0956797612471954CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016a). Discrimination, racial identity, and cytokine levels among African-American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56, 496–501. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.01.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brody, G. H., Yu, T., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2016b). Resilience in adolescence, health, and psychosocial outcomes. Pediatrics, 138, 6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broockman, D., & Kalla, J. (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352, 220–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brotman, L. M., Dawson-McClure, S., Kamboukos, D., Huang, K. Y., Calzada, E. J., Goldfeld, K., & Petkova, E. (2016). Effects of ParentCorps in prekindergarten on child mental health and academic performance: Follow-up of a randomized clinical trial through 8 years of age. JAMA Pediatrics, 170, 1149–1155. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1891CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, A. F., Ma, G. X., Miranda, J., Eng, E., Castille, D., Brockie, T., … Trinh-Shevrin, C. (2019). Structural interventions to reduce and eliminate health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 109, S72–S78. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304844CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruckner, T. A., Brown, R. A., & Margerison-Zilko, C. (2011). Positive income shocks and accidental deaths among Cherokee Indians: a natural experiment. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40, 1083–1090. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr073CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brundage, S. (2019). Screening for social needs: What do parents think? Health Affairs Blog. doi:10.1377/hblog20190725.644326Google Scholar
Bullock, A., Sheff, K., Moore, K., & Manson, S. (2017). Obesity and overweight in American Indian and Alaska native children, 2006–2015. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 1502–1507. doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303904CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler-Barnes, S. T., Martin, P. P., Copeland-Linder, N., Seaton, E. K., Matusko, N., Caldwell, C. H., & Jackson, J. S. (2018). The protective role of religious involvement in African American and Caribbean Black adolescents’ experiences of racial discrimination. Youth & Society, 50, 659–687. doi:10.1177/0044118X15626063CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, F., Conti, G., Heckman, J. J., Moon, S. H., Pinto, R., Pungello, E., & Pan, Y. (2014). Early childhood investments substantially boost adult health. Science, 343, 1478–1485. doi:10.1126/science.1248429CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, F. A., Helms, R., Sparling, J. J., & Ramey, C. T. (1998). Early-childhood programs and success in school: The Abecedarian study. In Barnett, W. S., & Boocock, S. S. (Eds.), SUNY series, youth social services, schooling, and public policy/SUNY series, early childhood education: Inquiries and insights. Early care and education for children in poverty: Promises, programs, and long-term results (pp. 145–166). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, F. A., Pungello, E. P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y., Wasik, B. H., … Ramey, C. T. (2012). Adult outcomes as a function of an early childhood educational program: An Abecedarian Project follow-up. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1033. doi:10.1037/a0026644CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. (1998). Cultural continuity as a hedge against suicide in Canada's First Nations. Transcultural Psychiatry, 35, 191–219. doi:10.1177/136346159803500202CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, M. J., & Lalonde, C. E. (2008). Cultural continuity as a moderator of suicide risk among Canada's First Nations. In Kirmayer, L., & Valaskakis, G. (Eds.), Health traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada (pp. 221–248). Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sabol, T. J., Sommer, T. E., Chor, E., Cooperman, A. W., Brooks-Gunn, J., … Morris, A. (2019). Effects of a two-generation human capital program on low-income parents’ education, employment, and psychological wellbeing. Journal of Family Psychology, 33, 433. doi:10.1037/fam0000517CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Sommer, T. E., Sabol, T. J., Chor, E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., & King, C. (2017). What are the effects of pairing head start services for children with career pathway training for parents? Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.Google Scholar
Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Brody, G. H., & Lei, M. (2015). Neighborhood poverty, college attendance, and diverging profiles of substance use and allostatic load in rural African American youth. Clinical Psychological Science, 3, 675–685. doi:10.1177/2167702614546639CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2016). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. The American Economic Review, 106, 855–902. doi:10.1257/aer.20150572CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cicchetti, D., & Garmezy, N. (1993). Prospects and promises in the study of resilience. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 497–502. doi:10.1017/S0954579400006118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clemans-Cope, L., Perry, C. D., Kenney, G. M., Pelletier, J. E., & Pantell, M. S. (2008). Access to and use of paid sick leave among low-income families with children. Pediatrics, 122, e480–486. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3294CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, E. R., & Omari, S. R. (2003). Race, class and the dilemmas of upward mobility for African Americans. Journal of Social Issues, 59, 785–802. doi:10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00090.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman-Jensen, A., Rabbitt, M. P., Gregory, C., & Singh, A. (2019). Household food security in the United States in 2018. USDA-ERS Economic Research Report No. (ERR-270).Google Scholar
Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Relationships between poverty and psychopathology: a natural experiment. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, 2023–2029. doi:10.1001/jama.290.15.2023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crockett, A. H., Heberlein, E. C., Smith, J. C., Ozluk, P., Covington-Kolb, S., & Willis, C. (2019). Effects of a multi-site expansion of group prenatal care on birth outcomes. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23, 1424–1433. doi:10.1007/s10995-019-02795-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cyril, S., Smith, B. J., & Renzaho, A. M. N. (2015). Systematic review of empowerment measures in health promotion. Health Promotion International, 31, 809–826. doi:10.1093/heapro/dav059Google ScholarPubMed
Dankwa-Mullan, I., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2016). Addressing health disparities is a place-based issue. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 637–639. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303077CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dean, J. E., Seymour, J. T., & Rider, S. (2016). Neighborhood approaches to supporting families of young children. In Shapiro, C. J. & Harper Browne, C. (Eds.), Innovative approaches to supporting families of young children (pp. 127–142). Cham: Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeGarmo, D. S., & Martinez, C. R. Jr (2006). A culturally informed model of academic well-being for Latino youth: The importance of discriminatory experiences and social support. Family Relations, 55, 267–278. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00401.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denckla, C. A., Cicchetti, D., Kubzansky, L. D., Seedat, S., Teicher, M., Williams, D. R., & Koenene, K. C. (in press). Interdisciplinary perspectives on psychological resilience: Review of progress, a critical appraisal, and research recommendations. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology.Google Scholar
DeRigne, L., Stoddard-Dare, P., & Quinn, L. (2016). Workers without paid sick leave less likely to take time off for illness or injury compared to those with paid sick leave. Health Affairs, 35, 520–527. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0965CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Harrington, K. F., Lang, D. L., Davies, S. L., Hook, E. W., … Robillard, A. (2004). Efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention for African American adolescent girls: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 292, 171–179. doi:10.1001/jama.292.2.171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dill-Shackleford, K. E., Ramasubramanian, S., Behm-Morawitz, E., Scharrer, E., Burgess, M. C., & Lemish, D. (2017). Social group stories in the media and child development. Pediatrics, 140, S157–S161. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1758WCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobbie, W., & Fryer, R. G. Jr (2011). Are high-quality schools enough to increase achievement among the poor? Evidence from the Harlem Children's Zone. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3, 158–187.Google Scholar
Dobbie, W., & Fryer, R. G. Jr (2015). The medium-term impacts of high-achieving charter schools. Journal of Political Economy, 123, 985–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreyer, B. P. (2019). Safety net policies, child poverty, and development across the lifespan. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 337–357. doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084855CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Votruba-Drzal, E. (2017). Moving beyond correlations in assessing the consequences of poverty. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 413–434. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044224CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, J. R. (2020). Housing and healthy child development: known and potential impacts of interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 41, 381–396. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094050CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
East, C. N. (2020). The effect of food stamps on children's health: Evidence from immigrants’ changing eligibility. Journal of Human Resources, 55, 387–427. doi:10.3368/jhr.55.3.0916-8197R2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Enriquez, M., Kelly, P. J., Cheng, A.-L., Hunter, J., & Mendez, E. (2012). An intervention to address interpersonal violence among low-income midwestern Hispanic-American teens. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 14, 292–299. doi:10.1007/s10903-011-9474-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fauth, R. C., Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Welcome to the neighborhood? Long-term impacts of moving to low-poverty neighborhoods on poor children's and adolescents’ outcomes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 249–284. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2007.00522.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fierman, A. H., Beck, A. F., Chung, E. K., Tschudy, M. M., Coker, T. R., Mistry, K. B., … Federico, S. G. (2016). Redesigning health care practices to address childhood poverty. Academic Pediatrics, 16, S136–S146. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2016.01.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, A., Cull, W., Olson, L., Boyd, A. F., Federico, S. G., Dreyer, B., & Racine, A. D. (2019). Screening and referral for low-income families’ social determinants of health by US pediatricians. Academic Pediatrics, 19, 875–883. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2019.05.125CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, A., Homer, C. J., & Dworkin, P. H. (2019). Addressing social determinants of health: challenges and opportunities in a value-based model. Pediatrics, 143, e20182355. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garg, A., Marino, M., Vikani, A. R., & Solomon, B. S. (2012). Addressing families’ unmet social needs within pediatric primary care. Clinical Pediatrics, 51, 1191–1193. doi:10.1177/0009922812437930CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garg, A., Toy, S., Tripodis, Y., Silverstein, M., & Freeman, E. (2015). Addressing social determinants of health at well child care visits: A cluster RCT. Pediatrics, 135, e296–e304. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2888CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gaydosh, L., Schorpp, K. M., Chen, E., Miller, G. E., & Harris, K. M. (2018). College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 109–114. doi:10.1073/pnas.1714616114CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilman, S. E., Huang, Y.-T., Jimenez, M. P., Agha, G., Chu, S. H., Eaton, C. B., … Loucks, E. B. (2018). Early life disadvantage and adult adiposity: Tests of sensitive periods during childhood and behavioural mediation in adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48, 98–107. doi:10.1093/ije/dyy199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gollust, S. E., Nagler, R. H., & Fowler, E. F. (2020). The emergence of covid-19 in the U.S.: A public health and political communication crisis. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, doi:10.1215/03616878-8641506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, L. M., Adler, N. E., Wing, H., Velazquez, D., Keeton, V., Romero, A., … Hessler, D. (2020). Effects of in-person assistance vs personalized written resources about social services on household social risks and child and caregiver health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 3, e200701–e200701. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0701CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grapin, S. L., Griffin, C. B., Naser, S. C., Brown, J. M., & Proctor, S. L. (2019). School-based interventions for reducing youths’ racial and ethnic prejudice. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 6, 154–161. doi:10.1177/2372732219863820CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, R. S., & Mendelsohn, A. L. (2019). Food insecurity during early childhood: marker for disparities in healthy growth and development. Pediatrics, 144, e20192430. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2430CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamad, R., Collin, D. F., Baer, R. J., & Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L. L. (2019). Association of revised WIC food package with perinatal and birth outcomes: A quasi-experimental study. JAMA Pediatrics, doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.1706CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harlem Children's Zone. (2020). Harlem Children's Zone: Our Results. Retrieved from https://hcz.org/results/.Google Scholar
Heard-Garris, N., Cale, M., Camaj, L., Hamati, M., & Dominguez, T. (2018). Transmitting trauma: A systematic review of vicarious racism and child health. Social Science & Medicine, 199, 230–240. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heckman, J. J., & Karapakula, G. (2019). Intergenerational and intragenerational externalities of the Perry Preschool Project (No. w25889). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w25889CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoynes, H., Miller, D., & Simon, D. (2015). Income, the earned income tax credit, and infant health. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7, 172–211. doi:10.1257/pol.20120179Google Scholar
Hoynes, H., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Almond, D. (2016). Long-run impacts of childhood access to the safety net. American Economic Review, 106, 903–934. doi:10.1257/aer.20130375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inkelas, M., Bowie, P., & Guirguis, L. (2017). Improvement for a community population: The Magnolia Community Initiative. New Directions for Evaluation, 2017, 51–64. doi:10.1002/ev.20229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, S. A. (1994). John Henryism and the health of African-Americans. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry: An International Journal of Cross-Cultural Health Research, 18, 163–82. doi:10.1007/BF01379448CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jernigan, V. B. B., Huyser, K. R., Valdes, J., & Simonds, V. W. (2017). Food insecurity among American Indians and Alaska natives: A national profile using the current population survey-food security supplement. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 12, 1–10. doi:10.1080/19320248.2016.1227750CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnston, B. D., Huebner, C. E., Anderson, M. L., Tyll, L. T., & Thompson, R. S. (2006). Healthy steps in an integrated delivery system: Child and parent outcomes at 30 months. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 793–800. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.793CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnston, B. D., Huebner, C. E., Tyll, L. T., Barlow, W. E., & Thompson, R. S. (2004). Expanding developmental and behavioral services for newborns in primary care: Effects on parental well-being, practice, and satisfaction. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 26, 356–366. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2003.12.018CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, S. C. T., & Neblett, E. W. (2016). Racial–ethnic protective factors and mechanisms in psychosocial prevention and intervention programs for Black youth. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19, 134–161. doi:10.1007/s10567-016-0201-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karoly, L. A., Kilburn, M. R., & Cannon, J. S. (2006). Early childhood interventions: Proven results, future promise. Arlington, VA: Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Kersten, E. E., Adler, N. E., Gottlieb, L., Jutte, D. P., Robinson, S., Roundfield, K., & LeWinn, K. Z. (2018). Neighborhood child opportunity and individual-level pediatric acute care use and diagnoses. Pediatrics, 141, 5. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2309CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, R. C., Duncan, G. J., Gennetian, L. A., Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., Sampson, N. A., … Ludwig, J. (2014). Associations of housing mobility interventions for children in high-poverty neighborhoods with subsequent mental disorders during adolescence. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 311, 937–948. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.607CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirmayer, L. J., Sehdev, M., & Isaac, C. (2009). Community resilience: Models, metaphors and measures. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 5, 62.Google Scholar
Klein, M. D., Beck, A. F., Henize, A. W., Parrish, D. S., Fink, E. E., & Kahn, R. S. (2013). Doctors and lawyers collaborating to HeLP children—: outcomes from a successful partnership between professions. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24, 1063–1073. doi:10.1353/hpu.2013.0147CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Komro, K. A., Livingston, M. D., Markowitz, S., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2016). The effect of an increased minimum wage on infant mortality and birth weight. American Journal of Public Health, 106, 1514–1516. doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303268CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kraus, M. W., Onyeador, I. N., Daumeyer, N. M., Rucker, J. M., & Richeson, J. A. (2019). The misperception of racial economic inequality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14, 899–921. doi:10.1177/1745691619863049CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krieger, N. (2011). Epidemiology and the people's health: Theory and context. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, J., Santelli, I., Waldfogel, J., & Wimer, C. (2019). Forgoing food assistance out of fear: simulating the child poverty impact of a making snap a legal liability for immigrants. Socius, 5, 2378023119832691. doi:10.1177/2378023119832691CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, P. C., & Stewart, D. E. (2013). Does a socio-ecological school model promote resilience in primary schools? Journal of School Health, 83, 795–804. doi:10.1111/josh.12096CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: A review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 6–22. doi:10.1037/h0079218CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mabli, J., & Worthington, J. (2014). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation and child food security. Pediatrics, 133, 610–619. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2823CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(3), 921–930. doi: 10.1017/s0954579407000442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masten, A. S. (1989). Resilience in development: Implications of the study of successful adaptation for developmental psychopathology. In Cicchetti, D. (Ed.), The emergence of a discipline: Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology (Vol. 1, pp. 261–294). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.227CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., Cohen, S., Janicki-Deverts, D., Brody, G. H., & Chen, E. (2016). Viral challenge reveals further evidence of skin-deep resilience in African Americans from disadvantaged backgrounds. Health Psychology, 35, 1225. doi:10.1037/hea0000398CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. E., Yu, T., Chen, E., & Brody, G. H. (2015). Self-control forecasts better psychosocial outcomes but faster epigenetic aging in low-SES youth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 10325–10330. doi:10.1073/pnas.1505063112CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D., Mistry, K. B., Scharfstein, D. O., Grason, H., Hou, W., … Guyer, B. (2007). Healthy Steps for Young Children: Sustained results at 5.5 years. Pediatrics, 120, e658–e668. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1205CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. S., Lawton, E. M., & Sandel, M. (2015). Legal care as part of health care: the benefits of medical-legal partnership. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 62, 1263–1271. doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2015.06.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019a). A roadmap to reducing child poverty. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019b). Vibrant and healthy kids: Aligning science, practice, and policy to advance health equity. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Neblett, E. W. Jr, Rivas-Drake, D., & Umaña-Taylor, A. J. (2012). The promise of racial and ethnic protective factors in promoting ethnic minority youth development. Child Development Perspectives, 6, 295–303. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00239.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, S. W., Jean-Louis, B., Ortiz, B., Northridge, M., Shoemaker, K., Vaughan, R., … Hutchinson, V. (2005). Addressing the childhood asthma crisis in Harlem: the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 245–249. doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.042705CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niederdeppe, J., Bigman, C. A., Gonzales, A. L., & Gollust, S. E. (2013). Communication about health disparities in the mass media. Journal of Communication, 63, 8–30. doi:10.1111/jcom.12003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Noble, K. G. (2017). Brain Trust. Scientific American, 316, 44–49. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0317-44CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Norris, F. H., Stevens, S. P., Pfefferbaum, B., Wyche, K. F., & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2008). Community resilience as a metaphor, theory, set of capacities, and strategy for disaster readiness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 127–150. doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Northridge, M. E., Scott, G., Swaner, R., Northridge, J. L., Jean-Louis, B., Klihr-Beall, S., … Caraballo, R. S. (2009). Toward a smoke-free Harlem: engaging families, agencies, and community-based programs. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20, 107–121. doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Okonofua, J. A., Paunesku, D., & Walton, G. M. (2016). Brief intervention to encourage empathic discipline cuts suspension rates in half among adolescents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 5221–5226. doi:10.1073/pnas.1523698113CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pachter, L. M., & Coll, C. G. (2009). Racism and child health: A review of the literature and future directions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 30, 255–263. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181a7ed5aCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peterson, N. A., Peterson, C. H., Agre, L., Christens, B. D., & Morton, C. M. (2011). Measuring youth empowerment: Validation of a sociopolitical control scale for youth in an urban community context. Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 592–605. doi:10.1002/jcop.20456CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Priest, N., Paradies, Y., Trenerry, B., Truong, M., Karlsen, S., & Kelly, Y. (2013). A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Social Science & Medicine, 95, 115–127. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.11.031CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Promise Neighborhood Institute. (2020). Early Results. Retrieved from https://promiseneighborhoodsinstitute.org/winning-on-equity/early-results.Google Scholar
Ramasubramanian, S. (2015). Using celebrity news stories to effectively reduce racial/ethnic prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 71, 123–138. doi:10.1111/josi.12100CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raphael, J. L. (2018). Pediatric health disparities and place-based strategies. In Disparities in child health (pp. 39–46). New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reskin, B. (2012). The race discrimination system. Annual Review of Sociology, 38, 17–35. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071811-145508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, A. J., & Temple, J. A. (1998). Extended early childhood intervention and school achievement: Age thirteen findings from the Chicago Longitudinal Study. Child Development, 69, 231–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reynolds, A. J., Temple, J. A., & Ou, S.-R. (2010). Preschool education, educational attainment, and crime prevention: Contributions of cognitive and non-cognitive skills. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1054–1063.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rider, S., Winters, K., Dean, J., & Seymour, J. (2014). The Fostering Hope Initiative. Zero to Three, 35, 37–42.Google Scholar
Rojas, N. M., Yoshikawa, H., Gennetian, L., Lemus Rangel, M., Melvin, S., Noble, K., … Magunson, K. (2020). Exploring the experiences and dynamics of an unconditional cash transfer for low-income mothers: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Children and Poverty, 26, 64–84. doi:10.1080/10796126.2019.1704161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Romero, A. J., Edwards, L. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Orduña, M. (2014). Resilience to discrimination stress across ethnic identity stages of development. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44, 1–11. doi:10.1111/jasp.12192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosen Valverde, J. N., Backstrand, J., Hills, L., & Tanuos, H. (2019). Medical–legal partnership impact on parents’ perceived stress: A pilot study. Behavioral Medicine, 45, 70–77. doi:10.1080/08964289.2018.1481011CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sabol, T. J., Sommer, T. E., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Brooks-Gunn, J., Yoshikawa, H., King, C. T., … Ross, E. C. (2015). Parents’ persistence and certification in a two-generation education and training program. Children and Youth Services Review, 58, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.08.012CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schuchter, J., & Jutte, D. P. (2014). A framework to extend community development measurement to health and well-being. Health Affairs, 33, 1930–1938. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0961CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sege, R., Preer, G., Morton, S. J., Cabral, H., Morakinyo, O., Lee, V., … Kaplan-Sanoff, M. (2015). Medical-legal strategies to improve infant health care: a randomized trial. Pediatrics, 136, 97–106. doi:10.1542/peds.2014-2955CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepherd-Banigan, M., Bell, J. F., Basu, A., Booth-LaForce, C., & Harris, J. R. (2017). Mothers’ employment attributes and use of preventive child health services. Medical Care Research and Review, 74, 208–226. doi:10.1177/1077558716634555CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shonkoff, J. P., & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1635–1653. doi:10.1017/S0954579413000813CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slopen, N., Fenelon, A., Newman, S., & Boudreaux, M. (2018). Housing assistance and child health: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 141, e20172742. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-2742CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slopen, N., Loucks, E. B., Appleton, A. A., Kawachi, I., Kubzansky, L. D., Non, A. L., … Gilman, S. E. (2015). Early origins of inflammation: An examination of prenatal and childhood social adversity in a prospective cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 51, 403–413. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.016CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommer, T. E., Sabol, T. J., Chor, E., Schneider, W., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Brooks-Gunn, J., … Yoshikawa, H. (2018). A two-generation human capital approach to anti-poverty policy. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4, 118–143. doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.3.07CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommers, B. D., Allen, H., Bhanja, A., Blendon, R. J., Orav, E. J., & Epstein, A. M. (2020). Assessment of perceptions of the Public Charge Rule among low-income adults in Texas. JAMA Network Open, 3, e2010391–e2010391. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10391CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielman, S. E., Golembeski, C. A., Northridge, M. E., Vaughan, R. D., Swaner, R., Jean-Louis, B., … Cushman, L. F. (2006). Interdisciplinary planning for healthier communities: Findings from the Harlem Children's Zone Asthma Initiative. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72, 100–108. doi:10.1080/01944360608976727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subica, A. M., & Wu, L.-T. (2018). Substance use and suicide in Pacific Islander, American Indian, and multiracial youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 54, 795–805. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.02.003CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, D. R., Bernstein, B. A., Carroll, E., Oquendo, E., Peyton, L., & Pachter, L. M. (2015). Keeping the heat on for children's health: a successful medical–legal partnership initiative to prevent utility shutoffs in vulnerable children. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26, 676–685. doi:10.1353/hpu.2015.0074CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, C., Schorr, L. B., Wilkins, N., & Smith, L. S. (2018). Systemic approach for injury and violence prevention: what we can learn from the Harlem Children's Zone and Promise Neighborhoods. Injury Prevention, 24, i32–i37. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teufel, J. A., Werner, D., Goffinet, D., Thorne, W., Brown, S. L., & Gettinger, L. (2012). Rural medical-legal partnership and advocacy: a three-year follow-up study. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 23, 705–714. doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomson, K., Hillier-Brown, F., Todd, A., McNamara, C., Huijts, T., & Bambra, C. (2018). The effects of public health policies on health inequalities in high-income countries: an umbrella review. BMC Public Health, 18, 869. doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5677-1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobin-Tyler, E., & Teitelbaum, J. B. (2019). Medical-legal partnership: A powerful tool for public health and health justice. Public Health Reports, 134, 201–205. doi:10.1177/0033354918824328CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tough, P. (2009). Whatever it takes: Geoffrey Canada's quest to change Harlem and America. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Dougé, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144, e20191765. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-1765CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Valado, T., Tracey, J., Goldfinger, J., & Briggs, R. (2019). HealthySteps. Future of Children, 29, 99–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, Z. J., Long, M. W., Resch, S. C., Giles, C. M., Cradock, A. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2017). Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood. New England Journal of Medicine, 377, 2145–2153. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1703860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weaver, R. G., Brazendale, K., Hunt, E., Sarzynski, M. A., Beets, M. W., & White, K. (2019). Disparities in childhood overweight and obesity by income in the United States: an epidemiological examination using three nationally representative datasets. International Journal of Obesity, 43, 1210–1222. doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0331-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weisz, E., & Zaki, J. (2017). Empathy building interventions: A review of existing work and suggestions for future directions (pp. 205–217). The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science. Oxford.Google Scholar
Whitehead, M. (2007). A typology of actions to tackle social inequalities in health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 473–478. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.037242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitford, D. K., & Emerson, A. M. (2019). Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in pre-service teachers. Psychological Reports, 122, 670–688. doi:10.1177/0033294118767435CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports, 116, 404–416. doi:10.1093/phr/116.5.404CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2019). Reducing racial inequities in health: Using what we already know to take action. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 606. doi:10.3390/ijerph16040606CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., & Cooper, L. A. (2020). COVID-19 and health equity – a new kind of “herd immunity”. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8051CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, D. R., Lawrence, J. A., & Davis, B. A. (2019). Racism and health: evidence and needed research. Annual Review of Public Health, 40, 105–125. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xie, Y., Near, C., Xu, H., & Song, X. (2020). Heterogeneous treatment effects on Children's cognitive/non-cognitive skills: A reevaluation of an influential early childhood intervention. Social Science Research, 86, 102389. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.102389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yazejian, N., Bryant, D. M., Hans, S., Horm, D., St. Clair, L., File, N., & Burchinal, M. (2017). Child and parenting outcomes after 1 year of Educare. Child Development, 88, 1671–1688. doi:10.1111/cdev.12688CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshikawa, H. (1995). Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. Future of Children, 5, 51–75. doi:10.2307/1602367CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshikawa, H., Whipps, M. D. M., & Rojas, N. M. (2017). Commentary: New directions in developmentally informed intervention research for vulnerable populations. Child Development, 88, 459–465. doi:10.1111/cdev.12736CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaki, J. (2019). The war for kindness: Building empathy in a fractured world. New York: Broadway Books.Google Scholar
Zigler, E. (1998). A place of value for applied and policy studies. Child Development, 69, 532–542. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06206.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zimmerman, M. A., & Zahniser, J. H. (1991). Refinements of sphere-specific measures of perceived control: Development of a sociopolitical control scale. Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 189–204. doi:10.1002/1520-6629(199104)19:2<189::aid-jcop2290190210>3.0.co;2-63.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziol-Guest, K. M., Duncan, G. J., & Kalil, A. (2009). Early childhood poverty and adult body mass index. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 527–532. doi:10.2105/ajph.2007.130575CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed