Abstract
This work evaluated the simulation of streamflow using observed and estimated gridded meteorological datasets and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for a humid area with scarce data in northeastern Brazil. The coefficient of determination (R2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), and percent bias (PBIAS) were used to assess the SWAT results yielded by estimated and observed rainfall data. The hydrological modeling data from three streamflow stations were used (2000 to 2006 for calibration and 2007 to 2010 for validation). The results show that at daily scale, the estimated rainfall data show a poor agreement (R2 ranging from 0.22 to 0.04) with the observed rainfall but good agreement at monthly (R2 = 0.85) and annual scales (R2 = 0.80). The results showed that estimated accumulated precipitation overestimated the observed data. The results showed that R2 ranged from 0.51 to 0.55 at monthly scale and 0.44-0.52 at annual scale. However, the global data can represent well the variability of rainfall within the region. The results indicated a good correlation in the seasonal variability (R2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.60). The modeling results using monthly TRMM data and observed rainfall data showed good values of NS and R2 during calibration and validation, but PBIAS was unsatisfactory for the three streamflow gauges. The streamflow estimates from the SWAT model using data from the TRMM satellite showed that such data are capable of generating satisfactory results after calibration, although measured rainfall data presented better results; the data could support areas with scarce rainfall data and be applied to other river basins, for example, to analyze the hydrological potential of other basins in the coastal region of northeastern Brazil. Over the past three decades, considerable advances have been made in remote sensing with environmental satellites, increasing the amount of information available, including rainfall estimates. In this context, the use of TRMM data to estimate rainfall has ultimately been shown to be an interesting alternative for areas with scarce rainfall data.
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Data availability
The data about the obtained results will be available (by the corresponding author) upon reasonable requests. The observational and estimated data analyzed in this study may be obtained through the following links:
TRMM
Earth Observing System Data and Information
CFSR
Climate Forecast System Reanalysis
https://globalweather.tamu.edu
Streamflow data and rain gauge-measured rainfall data
National Hydrometeorological System
http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb
Meteorological data
Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology
DEM
United States Geological Service
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov
Land use and land cover
United States Geological Service
Report of water resources situation in the state of Pernambuco
https://www.apac.pe.gov.br/images/media/1569522441_PERHPE_volume1.pdf
Soil types
National Program of Brazilian Soils
https://geoportal.cprm.gov.br/pronasolos
Soil parameters
Brazilian Soil Information System
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank Agência Nacional de Águas—ANA (Brazil), Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia—INMET (Brazil), National Centers for Environmental Prediction—NCEP (USA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration—NASA (USA) for providing the input data.
Code availability
The SWAT model is available at https://swat.tamu.edu/.
Funding
This study was financially supported by CAPES, CNPq, and FACEPE for granting doctoral, sandwich doctorate, and postdoctoral scholarships. This study was also financed in part by the Texas A&M University, the SUPER project funded by CNPq (Proc. 446254/2015) and the CNPq Universal Announcement Project (Proc. 448236/2014-1) for the PQ (Productivity and Research) grants to the second, third, fourth, and sixth authors, Universal MCTIC/CNPq 28/2018 and the PEGASUS project MCTI/CNPq N° 19/2017 (Proc. 441305/2017-2), and CAPES/ANA 19/2015 (Proc. 88887.115873/2015-01).
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RMS and JFdSV designed the research; CAGS, RMS, JFdSV, and DCdSA wrote the original draft; SMGLM, BBdS, RS, RMS, CGT, and CAGS performed the manuscript review and editing; CAGS, SMGLM, and RMS provided funding acquisition, project administration, and resources; and CAGS, JFdSV, and RMS wrote the final paper.
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Viana, J.F.d., Montenegro, S.M.G.L., da Silva, B.B. et al. Evaluation of gridded meteorological datasets and their potential hydrological application to a humid area with scarce data for Pirapama River basin, northeastern Brazil. Theor Appl Climatol 145, 393–410 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03628-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03628-7