Abstract
PM2.5 pollution used to be severe in China and the government has been devoted to PM2.5 control in recent years. Based on the latest multisource data and advanced algorithms, systematic environmental impact estimation of PM2.5 is achieved to demonstrate its trend and impacts under control policy. Policy validity is proved by a significant decrease in PM2.5 concentration (28%), energy intensity of GDP (13%), particulate matter emission (29%), and PM2.5 exceedance probability (51%) from the nation level. However, it still does not meet the requirement of WHO, and industrial and domestic sources are dominant for PM emission. The disaster risk index of air pollution is proposed to quantify and compare PM2.5 threat in 31 provinces, and risk gradually declines in 24 provinces except steady trend in Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Ningxia, Sichuan, Liaoning, and Tibet. Henan, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Hebei, Shaanxi, Tianjin, Ningxia, Jiangxi, Heilongjiang, and Anhui are identified as 10 high-risk regions with distinct driving factors. Current disease burdens attributable to PM2.5 exposure of provincial capitals in high-risk regions indicate huge health risks and economic losses. The heaviest health burden and economic burden are separately in Tianjin with 604,101 (95% CI: 302,796, 874,058) cases and 5.45% (95% CI: 2.73%, 7.89%) of population, and in Xi’an with 3122.24 (95% CI: 1398.55, 4274.53) million dollars and 2.31% (95% CI: 1.04%, 3.16%) of GDP. Results can provide references for worldwide PM2.5 control: scientific policy, treatment by the whole people and targeted control are crucial; it is urgent to arouse broad consensus on PM2.5 pollution and convert disease burden to health benefit.
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Data Availability
The datasets are downloaded from http://www.stats.gov.cn and http://www.mee.gov.cn.
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Funding
This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41521004) and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP, Grant No. 2019QZKK0602).
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Conceptualization, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; methodology, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; software, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; validation, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; data curation, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; writing—original draft preparation, Xinyue Mo and Huan Li; writing—review and editing, Xinyue Mo, Huan Li, Lei Zhang, and Zongxi Qu; supervision, Lei Zhang; project administration, Lei Zhang; funding acquisition, Lei Zhang. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Xinyue Mo and Huan Li are co-first authors.
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Mo, X., Li, H., Zhang, L. et al. Environmental impact estimation of PM2.5 in representative regions of China from 2015 to 2019: policy validity, disaster threat, health risk, and economic loss. Air Qual Atmos Health 14, 1571–1585 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01040-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01040-8