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Developmental Effects of Amoxicillin at Environmentally Relevant Concentration Using Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test (ZET)

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Abstract

Amoxicillin (AMX) is an antibiotic that has been added to the watch list of substances by the European Union, through the Water Framework Directive (WFD; 2000/60/EC) and its daughter regulation (Decision 2018/840) for which monitoring data have to be gathered with a possibility for future regulation. Previous studies have demonstrated that this antibiotic generates toxic effects, among which oxidative stress in aquatic organisms is noteworthy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on embryonic development and the teratogenic effects induced by AMX at environmentally relevant concentrations in oocytes and embryos of Danio rerio. Furthermore, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated at 72 and 96 hpf. The LC50 was 14.192 μgL−1, EC50 was 7.083 μgL−1, and TI was 2.003. Biomarkers of cellular oxidation and antioxidant enzymes were modified in a concentration-dependent way with respect to the control group (p<0.05). The main malformations identified were tail malformation, pericardial edema, yolk sac malformation, scoliosis, pectoral fin absence, and no hatching. The results allow us to conclude that AMX at environmentally relevant concentrations is capable of inducing embryotoxic and teratogenic effects and oxidative damage. This compound represents a risk to aquatic organisms such as Danio rerio.

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Funding

This study was made possible by financial support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Project 300727).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan, Colonia Residencial Colón, CP, 50120, Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico

    Edgar David González-González, Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván & Hariz Islas-Flores

  2. Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n y cerrada Manuel Stampa, Col. Industrial Vallejo, CP 07700, Mexico City, Mexico

    Marcela Galar-Martínez

Authors
  1. Edgar David González-González
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  2. Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
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  3. Hariz Islas-Flores
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  4. Marcela Galar-Martínez
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Contributions

Edgar David González-González and Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván performed all the exposure experiments. Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván and Edgar David González-González were involved in the conception. Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván, Edgar David González-González, and Hariz Islas-Flores were involved in the design and interpretation of the data, and the writing of the manuscript was with input from Marcela Galar-Martínez.

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Correspondence to Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván.

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The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico (Approval ID: CEI.UAEMCQ.REC.132.2020).

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González-González, E.D., Gómez-Oliván, L.M., Islas-Flores, H. et al. Developmental Effects of Amoxicillin at Environmentally Relevant Concentration Using Zebrafish Embryotoxicity Test (ZET). Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 196 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05148-6

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