A dynamic energy budget model for abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino
Introduction
The global aquaculture production is growing more rapidly than capture fisheries (FAO, 2018), and it is widely recognized that aquaculture will become an increasingly important source of seafood products. As one of the main aquaculture species in China, abalone made a new record in yield at 180,267 tons in 2019, a 10% increase from the previous year and quadrupled that of 2009 (42,373 tons) (BOF, 2020, 2010). Abalone is a valuable and attractive aquaculture species, owing to their high nutritional value and market demand as a delicacy (Moodley et al., 2014). Although abalone aquaculture is increasing rapidly in China, it is facing with a number of challenges, including sea temperature rise, disease related mortality and the limit of carrying capacity (Ke, 2013; Liu and Cai, 2018). Haliotis discus hannai Ino is phylogenetically classified into Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda, Order Archaeogastropoda, Family Haliotidae, and Genus Haliotis (Li et al., 1995; Kresge et al., 2015). It has been one of the most valuable species for catch fishery in China, and was well known as "soft gold" of the ocean (Liu et al., 2003). H. discus hannai is also the main abalone species being cultured in China, mostly produced in Fujian (Southern China) and Shandong (Northern China) Provinces, who contribute 82.7% and 8.1% of the total production, respectively. Under the traditional culture mode when abalone farming were restricted to one place, high mortality may happen during summer and over the winter due to unfavorable water temperatures, and it took over two years for the abalone to reach market size of about 7 cm shell length (Hu et al., 2015). In order to improve the growth performance of abalone, the “North-South Relay” mode was on first trial around 2000, when the first batch of juvenile abalone from Shandong Province was transported to Fujian Province in November, and they were then transferred back to the north in April in the following year and grow in the north until they reached market size in the autumn (Fig. 1). This mode of aquaculture has been on expansion over the years and has been very successful, as the culture cycle was reduced by six-months (Li et al., 2007, 2004).
Individual-based models (IBM) are powerful and flexible tools for predicting individual growth of organisms, and it can be used as submodule of population models and for evaluation of aquaculture capacity (Liu and Cai, 2018). Individual-based growth models have been set up for a number of species, such as the SFG (scope for growth) model for assessment of energy status of animals (Filgueira et al., 2011), Von Bertalanffy model for predicting linear growth rate in juveniles (Jue et al., 2007; Helidoniotis et al., 2011), and bioenergetics model simulating individual energy distribution by energy budget equation (Chang and Wang, 1998; Zhang et al., 2017) and Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) model (Kooijman, 1986; Ren and Ross, 2005) etc. Most of IBMs of abalone are based on traditional energy budget equation (Chang and Wang, 1998; Martin et al., 2011): energy consumed (C) = energy used for growth (P) + energy lost as respiration (R) + energy lost in excretion (U) + energy loss to feces (F). These models are mainly for analyzing single or multiple factors affecting abalone's growth under laboratory conditions. However, the environmental conditions for aquaculture are multi-faceted and dynamic. Compared to the traditional energy budget equation model, DEB model can not only quantify the distribution of assimilated energy in the entire individual life cycle, including for physical growth, gonadal development and maturity, but also reflect the impact of environment, food and other restrictive factors on the growth process of abalone to a better extent. DEB models have also a wider range of applications and can be used in different environmental applications.
The DEB model is built upon dynamic energy budge theory (Kooijman, 1986), which was based on κ-rule and developed for understanding the dynamics of biological systems, from cells to ecosystems, via an approach for simulating mass and energy balance (Kooijman, 2000). It has been widely used in aquaculture molluscan species, such as Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Ren and Ross, 2005), Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Zhang et al., 2017) and manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum (Dong et al., 2020). However, all these are filter-feeding species, and a gap exists in understanding the dynamic energy budget for fed mollusk such as abalone. The null-hypothesis is that, the “North-South Relay” mode of abalone aquaculture, by taking advantage of suitable environmental conditions, may achieve the best allocation and utilization of material and energy. This rationale could be verified though DEB model simulation. In this study, a DEB model was developed for abalone H. discus hannai and was used to predict the growth of abalone under different environmental conditions related to the Relay-culture mode. The model may provide insight into the energy distribution characteristics of the animal, so as to assess their response to changing environmental conditions such as temperature and feed. Model simulations were also used to compare the performance of abalone in the Relay-culture and non-relay culture, in order to verify the rationale of this practice. Validation of the model was conducted using several goodness-of-fit indices in order to test the robustness of this model.
Section snippets
Study areas
The coastline of China spans 18,000 km and across more than 44° of latitude. Therefore, the environment for aquaculture in northern and southern China, especially the water temperature, is very different. Sanggou Bay is a semi-enclosed bay located in the eastern part of the Shandong Peninsula in northern China (37°6′30″–37°11′40″N, 122°32′50″–122°40′20″E). With an area of 144km2, it is one of the most important aquaculture waters in Shandong Province. Annual average water temperature in this
Simulated growth of abalone by DEB model
Simulation of abalone growth in the Relay-culture mode was done by running the DEB model using water temperature and feeding as the forcing factors. Validation of the model was performed simultaneously by comparing the predicted shell length and dry flesh weight to measurements by sampling at the farms in Xiuyu Sea and Sanggou Bay (Fig. 6). Simulated growth highly correlated the observed values in shell length (A) and weight (B). The abalone grew from 2.8 cm to 6.8 cm in shell length after
The North-South relay mode of abalone culture
Temperature has a great influence on the growth of abalone (Shi et al., 2002), and the optimum water temperature for H. discus hannai’s feeding and growth is 15 - 22 °C; abnormal physiological and biochemical activities were observed in abalone when the water temperature rose above 28 °C, and feeding may stop at 5 °C (Nie and Yan, 1985). As the top abalone producing province in China, Fujian has relatively higher water temperatures in summer. Shandong, the second top producer of abalone in
Declaration of Competing Interest
There is no conflict of interest in submitting the manuscript of “A dynamic energy budget model for abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino”, and this manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. On behalf of my co-author, I would like to declare that the work described is an original study that has not been published before, and I have not considered publishing it in whole or in part elsewhere.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Key Programme for International Cooperation on Scientific and Technological Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology “Sino-EU Cooperative Research on Ecosystem-based Spatial Planning for Aquaculture” (2016YFE0112600).
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This research is supported by the Key Programme for International Cooperation on Scientific and Technological Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology (2016YFE0112600) and Optimizing space available for European Aquaculture(AquaSpace)(633,476-H2020-SFS-2014–2015)