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Experimental and Numerical studies on remediation of mixed metal-contaminated sediments by electrokinetics focusing on fractionation changes

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Abstract

Electrokinetic remediation technique is widely applied for the removal of heavy metal from contaminated soil, but the soil buffering capacity and fractionation of heavy metals mainly affect the cost and duration of the treatment. This study aims to treat heavy metal-contaminated sediments by electrokinetic remediation (EKR) technique by using various enhancing agents such as EDTA, \({HNO_3}\), HCI, \({H_2SO_4}\), acetic acid and citric acid for optimizing the cost and treatment duration. The optimum molar concentration of enhancing agent for treatment was estimated by batch experiments to maximize the dissolution of target heavy metals and reduce the dissolution of earth metals (Fe, Al and Ca) to maintain soil health. The EKR experiments were performed up to 15 days with the above enhancing agents to reduce the risk associated with heavy metals and the selection of enhancing agents based on removal efficiency was found to be in an order of EDTA > citric acid > acetic acid > \({HNO_3}\) > HCl \(\ge\) \({H_2SO_4}\). Also, a numerical model has been developed by incorporating main electrokinetic transport phenomena (electromigration and electroosmosis) and geochemical processes for the prediction of treatment duration and to scale up the EKR process. The model predicts well with experimental heavy metal removal with a MAPD of \(\approx\) 2-18 %. The parametric study on electrode distance for full-scale EKR treatment was found in this study as \(\approx\) 0.5 m.

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Data Availability Statement

Data will be made available on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors like to acknowledge the support from Frontier Areas of Science and Technology-centre of Excellence (FAST-CoE) in Sustainable Development at Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, funded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India

    Arulpoomalai Ayyanar & Shashidhar Thatikonda

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List of Tables

Table 1 Experimental conditions for the electrokinetic treatment
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Table 2 Diffusion coefficient and ionic mobility of target species Park et al. (2003); Kim et al. (2003b)
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Table 3 Physicochemical properties of contaminated sediments from Hussain Sagar lake
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Table 4 Experimental and model predicted removal efficiencies
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Table 5 Log K values for heavy metal complexes formed with various enhancing agents used in EKR treatment (Smith & Martell 1976)
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Table 6 Example parameters and cost for EKR treatment
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Ayyanar, A., Thatikonda, S. Experimental and Numerical studies on remediation of mixed metal-contaminated sediments by electrokinetics focusing on fractionation changes. Environ Monit Assess 193, 316 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09064-4

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