Abstract
The electrical conductivity of porous dielectric materials saturated with water is usually determined by the bulk water conduction. However, the unsaturated state can be affected by a water film covering the unsaturated grain surface. Thus far, a few studies have been conducted on the study of the electrical conductivity with respect to water film covering the grain surface. In this study, the electrical conductivities of the Shirasu porous glass with three different uniform pore sizes (1.0, 0.5, and 0.2 \(\upmu \mathrm{m}\)) soaked in various NaCl solutions (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 \(\mathrm{mol} {\mathrm{L}}^{-1}\)) were measured using an impedance meter while being dried at different water saturations. The resulting complex conductivities were fitted by a three-component Cole–Cole model to obtain Cole–Cole parameters. The conductivity values in these parameters were compared with the calculated conductivity values using tortuosities of surface and bulk conduction obtained from two different circuit models. The parallel model of bulk and surface water conduction could not reproduce accurate experimental results; however, the parallel plus series model, including the series connection of water film and bulk water around the meniscus, produced better results. This new model is expected to provide an improved quantitative evaluation of the electrical conductivity of unsaturated porous materials.
Article Highlights
-
Electrical conductivity of the Shirasu porous glass at different water saturations was measured.
-
The relationship between tortuosity of bulk and surface, and water saturation was obtained.
-
A new model was proposed for explaining experimental results.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Archie, G.: The electrical resistivity log as an aid in determining some reservoir characteristics. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Eng. 146, 54–62 (1942)
Attia, A.M.: Effects of petrophysical rock properties on tortuosity factor. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 48, 185–198 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2005.06.012
Attia, A.M., Fratta, D., Bassiouni, Z.: Irreducible Water Saturation from Capillary Pressure and Electrical Resistivity Measurements. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. 63, 203–217 (2008). https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2007066
Boadu, F.K., Seabrook, B.C.: Effects of clay content and salinity on the spectral electrical response of soils. J. Environ. Eng. Geophys. 11, 161–170 (2006). https://doi.org/10.2113/JEEG11.3.161
Bücker, M., Hördt, A.: Analytical modelling of membrane polarization with explicit parametrization of pore radii and the electrical double layer. Geophys. J. Int. 194, 804–813 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggt136
Churaev, N.V.: Surface forces in wetting films. Colloid J. 65, 263–274 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024292618059
Cole, K.S., Cole, R.H.: Dispersion and absorption in dielectrics I. Alternating current characteristics. J. Chem. Phys. 9, 341–351 (1941). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1750906
de Lima, O.A.L., Sharma, M.M.: A grain conductivity approach to shaly sandstones. Geophysics. 55, 1347–1356 (1990)
Derjaguin, B.V., Churaev, N.V.: Structural component of disjoining pressure. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 49, 249–255 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(74)90358-0
Garrouch, A.A., Ali, L., Qasem, F.: Using diffusion and electrical measurements to assess tortuosity of porous media. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40, 4363–4369 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1021/ie010070u
Ghanbarian, B., Sahimi, M.: Electrical conductivity of partially saturated packings of particles. Transp. Porous Media. 118, 1–16 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-017-0821-4
Glover, P.W.J., Hole, M.J., Pous, J.: A modified Archie’s law for two conducting phases. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 180, 369–383 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00168-0
Gomaa, M.M.: Relation between electric properties and water saturation for hematitic sandstone with frequency. Ann. Geophys. 51, 801–811 (2008)
Guéguen, Y., Palciauskas, V.: Introduction to the physics of rocks. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1994)
Gupta, V.K., Saleh, T.A.: Sorption of pollutants by porous carbon, carbon nanotubes and fullerene- An overview. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 20, 2828–2843 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1524-1
Gusev, I., Huang, X., Horváth, C.: Capillary columns with in situ formed porous monolithic packing for micro high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00697-4
Hoekstra, P., Doyle, W.T.: Dielectric relaxation of surface adsorbed water. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 36, 513–521 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(71)90386-9
Hu, Q., Wang, J.S.Y.: Aqueous-Phase Diffusion in Unsaturated Geologic Media: A Review. Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 275–297 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380390814488
Hu, S., Zhou, C., Li, X., Li, C., Zhang, S.: A tight sandstone trapezoidal pore oil saturation model. Pet. Explor. Dev. 44, 876–886 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1876-3804(17)30099-X
Ishai, P.B., Talary, M.S., Caduff, A., Levy, E., Feldman, Y.: Electrode polarization in dielectric measurements: a review. Meas. Sci. Technol. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/24/10/102001
Katz, A.J., Thompson, A.H.: Quantitative prediction of permeability in porous rock. Phys. Rev. B. 34, 8179–8181 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.34.8179
Keery, J., Binley, A., Elshenawy, A., Clifford, J.: Markov-chain Monte Carlo estimation of distributed Debye relaxations in spectral induced polarization. Geophysics (2012). https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0244.1
Knight, R.: Hysteresis in the electrical resistivity of partially saturated sandstones. Geophysics 56, 2139 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1443028
Knight, R., Nur, A.: The dielectric constant of sandstones, 60 kHz to 4 MHz. Geophysics 52, 644–654 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1442332
Kremer, T., Schmutz, M., Leroy, P., Agrinier, P., Maineult, A.: Modelling the spectral induced polarization response of water-saturated sands in the intermediate frequency range (102–105Hz) using mechanistic and empirical approaches. Geophys. J. Int. 207, 1303–1312 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggw334
Kukizaki, M.: Relation between salt rejection and electrokinetic properties on Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membranes with nano-order uniform pores. Sep. Purif. Technol. 69, 87–96 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.07.006
Leroy, P., Devau, N., Revil, A., Bizi, M.: Influence of surface conductivity on the apparent zeta potential of amorphous silica nanoparticles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 410, 81–93 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2013.08.012
Lesmes, D.P., Frye, K.M.: Influence of pore fluid chemistry on the complex conductivity and induced polarization responses of Berea sandstone. J. Geophys. Res. 106, 4079 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JB900392
Li, M., Tang, Y.B., Bernabé, Y., Zhao, J.Z., Li, X.F., Bai, X.Y., Zhang, L.H.: Pore connectivity, electrical conductivity, and partial water saturation: Network simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth. (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011799.Received
Liu, C., Xiao, T.M., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Yang, J.L., Zhang, M.: Effect of membrane wettability on membrane fouling and chemical durability of SPG membranes used in a microbubble-aerated biofilm reactor. Sep. Purif. Technol. 127, 157–164 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.03.001
Loewer, M., Günther, T., Igel, J., Kruschwitz, S., Martin, T., Wagner, N.: Ultra-broad-band electrical spectroscopy of soils and sediments-a combined permittivity and conductivity model. Geophys. J. Int. 210, 1360–1373 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx242
Nakashima, S.: Diffusivity of ions in pore water as a quantitative basis for rock deformation rate estimates. Tectonophysics 245, 185–203 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)00234-Z
Nishiyama, N., Yokoyama, T.: Does the reactive surface area of sandstone depend on water saturation?-The role of reactive-transport in water film. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 122, 153–169 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.08.024
Niu, Q., Revil, A., Saidian, M.: Salinity dependence of the complex surface conductivity of the Portland sandstone. Geophysics 81, D125–D140 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2015-0426.1
O’Konski, C.T.: Electric Properties of Macromolecules. V. Theory Ion. Polariz. Polyelectr. 277, 605 (1960)
Olhoeft, G.R.: Low-frequency electrical properties. Geophysics. 50, 2492–2503 (1985)
Preising, H., Enke, D.: Relations between texture and transport properties in the primary pore system of catalyst supports. Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 300, 21–29 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.036
Revil, A., Glover, P.W.J.: Theory of ionic-surface electrical conduction in porous media. Phys. Rev. B. 55, 1757–1773 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.55.1757
Santamarina, J.C., Klein, K.A., Fam, M.A.: Soils and waves. Wiley, Hoboken (2001)
Schwarz, G.: A theory of the low-frequency dielectric dispersion of colloidal particles in electrolyte solution. J. Phys. Chem. 66, 2636–2642 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1021/j100818a067
Slater, L.D., Glaser, D.R.: Controls on induced polarization in sandy unconsolidated sediments and application to aquifer characterization. Geophysics 68, 1542–1558 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1620628
Slater, L.D., Lesmes, D.P.: Electrical-hydraulic relationships observed for unconsolidated sediments. Water Resour. Res. 38, 31-1-31–13 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR001075
Titov, K., Komarov, V., Tarasov, V., Levitski, A.: Theoretical and experimental study of time domain-induced polarization in water-saturated sands. J. Appl. Geophys. 50, 417–433 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(02)00168-4
Titov, K., Kemna, A., Tarasov, A., Vereecken, H.: Induced Polarization of Unsaturated Sands Determined through Time Domain Measurements. Vadose Zo. J. 3, 1160–1168 (2004)
Tokunaga, T.K., Finsterle, S., Kim, Y., Wan, J., Lanzirotti, A., Newville, M.: Ion Diffusion Within Water Films in Unsaturated Porous Media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 4338–4346 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05891
Ulrich, C., Slater, L.D.: Induced polarization measurements on unsaturated, unconsolidated sands. Geophysics 69, 762–771 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1759462
Umezawa, R., Nishiyama, N., Katsura, M., Nakashima, S.: Electrical conductance of a sandstone partially saturated with varying concentrations of NaCl solutions. Geophys. J. Int. 209, 1287–1295 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx092
Vinegar, H.J., Waxman, M.H.: Induced polarization of shaly sands - The effect of clay counterion type. SPWLA 25th Annu. Logging Symp. p. 49 (1984)
Vladisavljević, G.T., Shimizu, M., Nakashima, T.: Permeability of hydrophilic and hydrophobic Shirasu-porous-glass (SPG) membranes to pure liquids and its microstructure. J. Memb. Sci. 250, 69–77 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2004.10.017
Volkmann, J., Klitzsch, N.: Frequency-Dependent Electric Properties of Microscale Rock Models for Frequencies from One Millihertz to Ten Kilohertz. Vadose Zo. J. 9, 858 (2010). https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2009.0162
Walcarius, A., Mercier, L.: Mesoporous organosilica adsorbents: Nanoengineered materials for removal of organic and inorganic pollutants. J. Mater. Chem. 20, 4478–4511 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/b924316j
Waxman, M.H., Smits, L.J.M.: Electrical Conductivities in Oil-Bearing Shaly Sands. Soc. Pet. Eng. J. 8, 107–122 (1968). https://doi.org/10.2118/1863-A
Yokoyama, T.: Characterization of the reaction and transport properties of porous rhyolite and its application to the quantitative understanding of the chemical weathering rate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 118, 295–311 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.05.011
Acknowledgements
RU was supported by a Research Assistantship from the Graduate School of Science, Osaka University. We would like to thank Editage for English language editing. RU thanks Shogo Komori for valuable discussion. RU also thanks Toshiyuki Yokota for his support. Finally, we would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful reviews.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Availability of data and material
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Umezawa, R., Katsura, M. & Nakashima, S. Effect of Water Saturation on the Electrical Conductivity of Microporous Silica Glass. Transp Porous Med 138, 225–243 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-021-01601-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-021-01601-6