Elsevier

Structures

Volume 33, October 2021, Pages 187-200
Structures

Probabilistic seismic analysis of steel moment-resisting frame structure including a damaged column

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.03.065Get rights and content

Abstract

Vehicle collision is occurred in the ground level of buildings accidentally or intentionally. This event is a common scenario of generating structural damages. In some cases, these damages usually have not been retrofitted. Therefore, these initial damages influence on the future behavior of buildings under natural events. In this regard, it is necessary to investigate the performance of buildings with such initial damages during future earthquakes. In this paper, the collapse capacity and endurance duration of steel moment-resisting frame (SMRF) structure with one corner damaged column due to light vehicle impact has been evaluated under seismic excitations. For this aim, an intermediate SMRF with 5-story is modeled in OpenSees software two-dimensionally. Then, the initial damage scenarios are considered with 3 states. The first scenario without considering a damaged column and scenarios 2 and 3 are assumed to have a corner damaged column due to vehicle impact with velocities 60 and 120 km/h, respectively. Moreover, the numerous nonlinear incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) have been performed under 14 pairs of far-fault earthquake records up to the dynamic instability of the models. Afterwards, fragility curves are utilized in order to specify the collapse capacity and endurance duration of SMRF in three defined scenarios for different performance levels. Finally, the effect of having a corner damaged column is evaluated under selected earthquakes. The obtained results indicated that scenario 3 had a weaker performance compared to other scenarios during seismic records. For instance, in a statistical level of 50%, the values of seismic collapse capacity in scenario 3 is decreased 17% and 41% compared to scenarios 2 and 1, respectively. Also, the new findings showed that endurance duration of scenario 1 was greater than other scenarios. It is increased 28% and 77% versus scenarios 2 and 3, respectively.

Introduction

In the last decade, by growing population and infrastructures in cities, the vehicles traffic is increasing, swiftly. In this regard, the vehicles collision to the structures located besides highways and or the occurrence of terrorist attacks to important buildings has been increased in all around the world. Therefore, special attentions and attempts have been paid to the design and analysis of structures against abnormal loadings such as blast and vehicle impact and then, retrofitting the damaged columns due to vehicle collisions is so important in building engineering for prevention of collapse in structures during future earthquakes. In the following, exact vulnerability evaluations are vital in the design approach due to the possible calamitous nature of the damages that can happen. According to structural regulations, buildings should be reliably designed in such a way that the damage caused by an accidental or an intentional event does not produce improper influences [1], [2]. Numerous studies focused on the effects of vehicle collision to performance of structures. These researches are extracted from technical literatures corresponding to this issue. Thus, they are represented in the following. Thilakarathna et al., (2010) performed the vulnerability assessment about concrete columns under the concurrent of axial and impact loadings. The results of this parametric research showed that the distribution of kinetic energy dissipation of the double-bridge column to single one would be affected by the impact greatly [3]. El-Tawil et al., (2003, 2005) assessed the performance of bridge columns under the heavy vehicles impact. The results indicated that the current collision design codes could be conservative and affordable and the bridge columns were vulnerable to impact loadings [4], [5]. Kim and Kang (2014) evaluated the behavior of a corner column of ground level of three-story steel moment-resisting frames (SRMFs) with span length of 5 and 10 m under vehicle impact. Then, the progressive collapse potential of the models was assessed by alternate path method (APM) and vehicle impact analysis. The results revealed that the computed damages of vehicle impact analysis were significantly greater than the calculated damage of the sudden column removal method [6]. Sharma et al., (2014, 2015) developed and proposed a stable framework by fragility analyses for the assessment of dynamic shear force capacity and demand of reinforced concrete (RC) columns subjected to vehicle impact probabilistically. [7], [8]. Kang and Kim (2017) investigated the influences of different foundation connection details on behavior of a steel column under vehicle impact. The results indicated that the reinforcement layouts were influential in decreasing the rate of damages [9]. Javidan et al., (2018) studied the performance of a SMRF under vehicle impact probabilistically. The reliability based artificial neural network (ANN) evaluations and fragility analyses are conducted. The findings of this research demonstrated that the precision of ANN in comparison with finite element analysis is acceptable in predicting the performance of a selected frame with a suitable computer processing time [10]. Santos et al., (2020) presented the results of a numerical study about a SMRF subjected to vehicle impact. The results revealed that the computed damages by vehicle impact analyses were higher than APM, predominantly for high collision velocities [11].

One of the most common accidental loading scenarios is the vehicle collision impact, which may usually happen at the ground level of a structure. This scenario can lead huge damages to the impacted columns or even local or global failures of a building and in some cases, with regarding to the cost of rehabilitation, these impacted columns haven not been retrofitted. Then, the general performance of structure should be impressed because of the occurrence of future earthquakes. Mainly, structural and earthquake engineers have designed and analyzed buildings against normal lateral loadings such as earthquake and wind, but in some states, investigation the nonlinear performance of structures against abnormal loadings like vehicle impact is necessary, too. In this way, it is vital to realize the effect of seismic excitations on failure behavior of structures including a damaged column induced by intentional and or accidental impact loadings [2]. Also, seismic collapse capacity prediction of SMRF buildings is one of the main targets of structural and earthquake engineering. The state of collapse is the worst happening in the building industry, and includes local and global states. In local collapse, some of the structural components are damaged or called “they are out of run” and in global collapse, some parts of the structure are completely destroyed and the whole structure is not stable [12]. In the following, the technical literature about seismic collapse capacity and also, multi-hazard risk assessments of structures are mentioned. Galal and El-sawy (2010) investigated the effect of three rehabilitation methods on increasing the responses values of SMRFs using APM and specifying the potential of progressive collapse [13]. Nazri and Ken (2014) evaluated the performance of SMRFs using nonlinear static and dynamic analyses under near and far-fault ground motions. The results of the mentioned research showed that the damages were more crucial under far-fault ground motions in comparison to near-fault ones [14]. Rodgers and Mahin (2015) developed a spectral acceleration criterion to test the risk of collapse in SMRFs that has been proposed under earthquake records [15]. Bai et al., (2016) studied the collapse properties of SMRFs in terms of long periods of ground motions [16]. Fereshtehnejad et al., (2016) proposed a new method with a strong theoretical foundation that is based on the plasticity theory of structures. In this method, nonlinear static analysis is used to predict the possible mechanism of structural failures and nonlinear incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is used to determine the seismic intensity corresponding to the formation of predetermined failure mechanisms [17]. Abdollahzadeh and Faghihmaleki (2016, 2017) conducted the researches about the effect of seismic and blast loadings on performance of moment buildings. The probabilistic two-hazard risk approach was assessed in two different stages. The first and second stages are defined by near-fault and far-fault earthquakes with blast, respectively. The results showed that the damages induced by near-fault ground motions were basically greater than the computed damages due to far-fault earthquakes [18], [19], [20]. Hajikazemi et al., (2019) investigated the seismic performance of SMRFs with special ductility having one weakened column during the progressive collapse. According to the obtained results, a structure including one weakened column had an inappropriate performance under near-fault compared to far-fault ground motions before the occurrence of progressive collapse phenomenon [21]. Samadi and Jahan (2019) proposed a new damage measure for describing the structural collapse point by using IDAs for high-rise buildings with braced core subjected to seismic excitations [22]. Gholizadeh et al., (2020) assessed the seismic collapse capacity of the optimally designed steel concentric braced frames (CBFs) with 5 and 10-story by conducting IDAs and developing fragility curves. They used three evolutionary algorithms, called improved fire works algorithm (FWA), center of mass (COM), and enhanced colliding-bodies optimization (CBO). These algorithms are applied to perform the optimization duty. The results showed that the COM algorithm had an appropriate performance in compared to the other investigated algorithms [23].

By reviewing the past researches, seismic performance of columns is very important in stability of the structure during earthquakes and there is insufficient attention paid to their initial damages, which can act as a weakness during a future earthquake. In most of past studies [24], [25], [26], the behavior of buildings are usually assessed under the effect of vehicle impact, blast or seismic excitations separately and the effect of initial damages of columns is not considered when studying the seismic performance of structures. In past studies, a number of structural columns were removed under different conditions and the structural responses were evaluated under new conditions (the lack of a number of columns). The APM without considering the load type is relatively simple but it has insufficient accuracy and does not seem to have reliable predictions. In general, the inaccuracy of APM is regardless of initial failure or damage of adjacent structural members due to the vehicle impact, blast or fire loads. In contrast to the defect of APM, the used method in this study may predict more reliable results of collapse capacity and endurance duration of SMRFs under impact and seismic loadings. Therefore, Main purpose and novelty of this study is to focus the importance of multi-hazard effects on the performance of structures. This paper estimates the performance of a SMRF by considering the initial failure of column under seismic excitations, probabilistically. This topic is considered as a research scenario and an interesting field of study in the current paper.

In this way, a SMRF with 5-story and an intermediate ductility is designed three dimensionally based on seismic regulations, and then, the two-dimensional (2D) frame of side axis is selected for nonlinear dynamic analyses. It is necessary to be highlighted that there may not be clear advantage for three-dimensional (3D) rather than 2D analyses in the prediction of a collapse mechanism for buildings with a regularity in plan and height, which was the case of our study based on Lignos et al., (2013) [27]. In the following, the studied scenarios are considered 3 states. Scenario 1 is assumed without a damaged column and scenarios 2 and 3 are supposed to have a corner damaged column induced by vehicle impact with velocities 60 and 120 km/h, respectively. In this study, the potential of progressive collapse is assessed in scenarios 2 and 3 under vehicle impact. Furthermore, far-fault ground motion records of FEMA P 695 [28] are extracted and then, they are utilized in order to perform IDAs by using OpenSees/MATLAB softwares [29], [30]. In addition, to determine seismic collapse capacity and endurance duration of a SMRF structure by considering three defined scenarios, IDA and fragility curves are plotted, subsequently. This paper aims to investigate the effect of having one corner damaged column due to vehicle impact with two different velocities on performance of a SMRF structure subjected to far-fault earthquakes versus without a damaged column and finally, the seismic collapse capacity and endurance duration of representative SMRFs will be specified and compared in defined scenarios. Also, to the best knowledge of the authors of this study, there is no research on assessing the seismic performance of structure with considering a damaged column induced by vehicle impact in the technical literature. Therefore, as a novelty of current research, more responses that are realistic will be investigated by considering the initial failure of SMRF's column, probabilistically by using IDAs and fragility curves. The current paper may provide a throughout framework based on probabilities under vehicle impact loading and seismic excitations, which is of great interest in practice.

Section snippets

Modeling procedure

In this study, an intermediate SMRF with 5-story is considered two dimensionally as the main model for structural analyses in order to investigate the behavior of SMRF including a damaged column with considering three defined scenarios under seismic loadings. These scenarios are categorized in three states. a) SMRF without a damaged column. b) SMRF including a damaged column induced by light vehicle impact by velocity equals 60 km/h. c) SMRF including a damaged column induced by light vehicle

Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)

IDA is a parametric analysis method that has become widespread in recent years for estimating the performance level of a building under seismic loads. Models are assembled under one or more earthquake records with different intensities and one or more response curves are generated by the amount of seismic intensity. The intensity of earthquake records applied to the structure that is added during the analysis is displayed by the intensity measure parameter (IM) and the output of the analysis,

Results and discussion

In this paper, a new probabilistic framework is proposed for SMRF structure including a damaged column based on defined scenarios under seismic excitations. These scenarios are classified in three parts. a) SMRF without a damaged column. b) SMRF including a damaged column induced by light vehicle impact by velocity equals 60 km/h. c) SMRF including a damaged column induced by light vehicle impact by velocity equals 120 km/h. In the following, 28 IDA curves of SMRF with 5-story are indicated in

Summary and conclusions

In this paper, after modeling verification under impact and seismic loadings, a SMRF structure with 5-story is designed based on conventional guidelines three dimensionally. Then, for reducing the computer processing time, the side frame of SMRF structure is considered two dimensionally for nonlinear dynamic analyses. In this regard, unlike the pervious researches, the performance of SMRF including a damaged column with considering three defined scenarios is investigated under seismic loadings

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known and clear competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to affect the research presented in this paper.

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