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Space-time filter for SSVEP brain-computer interface based on the minimum variance distortionless response

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Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) based on steady-state visually evoked potentials (SSVEP) have been increasingly used in different applications, ranging from entertainment to rehabilitation. Filtering techniques are crucial to detect the SSVEP response since they can increase the accuracy of the system. Here, we present an analysis of a space-time filter based on the Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR). We have compared the performance of a BCI-SSVEP using the MVDR filter to other classical approaches: Common Average Reference (CAR) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). Moreover, we combined the CAR and MVDR techniques, totalling four filtering scenarios. Feature extraction was performed using Welch periodogram, Fast Fourier transform, and CCA (as extractor) with one and two harmonics. Feature selection was performed by forward wrappers, and a linear classifier was employed for discrimination. The main analyses were carried out over a database of ten volunteers, considering two cases: four and six visual stimuli. The results show that the BCI-SSVEP using the MVDR filter achieves the best performance among the analysed scenarios. Interestingly, the system’s accuracy using the MVDR filter is practically constant even when the number of visual stimuli was increased, whereas degradation was observed for the other techniques.

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Funding

This work is funded by the FINEP (grant n. 01.16.0067.00), FAPESP (grant n. 2013/07559-3, 2019/09512-0), CNPq (grant n. 305616/2016-1, 308811/2019-4), CAPES (Finance Code 001), and UFOP.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Exact and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, UFOP, Ouro Preto, Brazil

    Sarah Negreiros de Carvalho & Harlei Miguel de Arruda Leite

  2. Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, BRAINN, Campinas, Brazil

    Sarah Negreiros de Carvalho, Thiago Bulhões da Silva Costa, Harlei Miguel de Arruda Leite, Diogo Coutinho Soriano & Romis Attux

  3. School of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil

    Guilherme Vettorazzi Vargas, Thiago Bulhões da Silva Costa, Levy Boccato & Romis Attux

  4. Institute of Computing, Federal University of Alagoas, UFAL, Maceió, Brazil

    Luís Coradine

  5. Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Federal University of ABC, UFABC, Santo André, Brazil

    Diogo Coutinho Soriano

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  1. Sarah Negreiros de Carvalho
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  2. Guilherme Vettorazzi Vargas
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  3. Thiago Bulhões da Silva Costa
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Correspondence to Sarah Negreiros de Carvalho.

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Carvalho, S., Vargas, G.V., da Silva Costa, T.B. et al. Space-time filter for SSVEP brain-computer interface based on the minimum variance distortionless response. Med Biol Eng Comput 59, 1133–1150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-021-02345-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11517-021-02345-7

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