Abstract
The genome could be considered as raw data expressed in proteins and various types of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). However, a large portion of the genome is dedicated to ncRNAs, which in turn represent a considerable amount of the transcriptome. ncRNAs are modulated on levels of type and amount whenever any physiological process occurs or as a response to external modulators. ncRNAs, typically forming complexes with other partners, are key molecules that influence diverse cellular processes. Based on the knowledge of mammalian biology, ncRNAs are known to regulate and control diverse trafficking pathways and cellular activities. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) notably have diverse and more regulatory roles than microRNAs. Expanding these studies on fish has derived the same conclusion with relevance to other species, including invertebrates, explored the potentials to harness such types of RNA to further understand the biology of such organisms, and opened gates for applying recent technologies, such as RNA interference and delivering micromolecules as microRNAs to living cells and possibly to target organs. These technologies should improve aquaculture productivity and fish health, as well as help understand fish biology.
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Abbreviations
- 3′-UTR:
-
3′-Untranslated region
- BACE1:
-
β-Secretase-1
- BAI2:
-
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2
- BMP10:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein
- eIF2α:
-
Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α
- HS3ST6:
-
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 6
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IRF:
-
Interferon regulatory factor
- KSRP:
-
SsRNA-binding protein K homology-type splicing regulatory protein
- lincRNAs:
-
Long intergenic ncRNAs
- lncRNAs:
-
Long noncoding RNAs
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MALAT1:
-
Metastasis-associated long adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MAVS:
-
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- miRNAs:
-
MicroRNAs
- mRNAs:
-
Messenger RNAs
- Mx:
-
Myxovirus resistance
- MyD88:
-
Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- ncRNAs:
-
Noncoding RNAs
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells
- piRNA:
-
PIWI-interacting RNAs
- poly(I:C):
-
Polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid
- rag1:
-
Recombination activating gene 1
- RIG-I:
-
Retinoic acid-inducible gene I
- rRNAs:
-
Ribosomal RNAs
- SAMHD1:
-
Histidine aspartate domain-containing protein 1
- SAV2-i1:
-
Salmonid alphavirus subtype 2 isolate 1
- SAV3-i4:
-
Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 isolate 4
- SAV3-i6:
-
Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 isolate 6
- scaRNAs:
-
Small Cajal body-specific RNAs
- shRNA:
-
RNA interference
- siRNAs:
-
Small interfering RNAs
- snoRNAs:
-
Small nucleolar RNAs
- snRNA:
-
Small nuclear RNA
- STAT:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription
- Th:
-
T helper
- TLR:
-
Toll-like receptor
- TNFα:
-
Tumor necrosis factor α
- TRAF6 :
-
TNF receptor-associated factor 6
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vpx:
-
Viral protein X
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Abo-Al-Ela, H.G. The emerging regulatory roles of noncoding RNAs in immune function of fish: MicroRNAs versus long noncoding RNAs. Mol Genet Genomics 296, 765–781 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-021-01786-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-021-01786-x