Abstract
For a given stationary max-stable random field X(t), t ∈ ℤd, the corresponding generalized Pickands constant coincideswith the classical extremal index θX ∈ [0, 1]. In this contribution,we discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for θX to be 0, positive, or equal to 1 and also show that θX is equal to the so-called block extremal index. Further, we consider some general functional indices of X and prove that for a large class of functionals they coincide with θX.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J.M.P. Albin, On extremal theory for stationary processes, Ann. Probab., 18(1):92–128, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1214/aop/1176990940.
B. Basrak and H. Planini´c, Compound Poisson approximation for random fields with application to sequence alignment, 2018, arXiv:1809.00723.
B. Basrak and J. Segers, Regularly varying multivariate time series, Stochastic Processes Appl., 119(4):1055–1080, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2008.05.004.
B. Basrak and A. Tafro, Extremes of moving averages and moving maxima on a regular lattice, Probab. Math. Stat., 34(1):61–79, 2014.
S.M. Berman, Sojourns and Extremes of Stochastic Processes, TheWadsworth & Brooks/Cole Statistics/Probability Series, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole Advanced Books & Software, Pacific Grove, CA, 1992.
B.M. Brown and S.I. Resnick, Extreme values of independent stochastic processes, J. Appl. Probab., 14:732–739, 1977, https://doi.org/10.2307/3213346.
R.A. Davis and T. Hsing, Point process and partial sum convergence for weakly dependent random variables with infinite variance, Ann. Probab., 23(2):879–917, 1995, https://doi.org/10.1214/aop/1176988294.
R.A. Davis, T. Mikosch, and Y. Zhao, Measures of serial extremal dependence and their estimation, Stochastic Processes Appl., 123(7):2575–2602, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2013.03.014.
K. De¸bicki, Ruin probability for Gaussian integrated processes, Stochastic Processes Appl., 98(1):151–174, 2002, 10.1016/S0304-4149(01)00143-0.
K. De¸bicki and E. Hashorva, On extremal index of max-stable stationary processes, Probab. Math. Stat., 37(2):299–317, 2017.
K. De¸bicki and E. Hashorva, Approximation of supremum of max-stable stationary processes & Pickands constants, J. Theor. Probab., 33(1):444–464, 2020, 10.1007/s10959-018-00876-8.
K. De¸bicki, E. Hashorva, and N. Soja-Kukieła, Extremes of homogeneousGaussian random fields, J. Appl. Probab., 52(1):55–67, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1239/jap/1429282606.
K. De¸bicki, Z. Michna, and X. Peng, Approximation of sojourn times of Gaussian processes, Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab., 21(4):1183–1213, 2019, 10.1007/s11009-018-9667-7.
L. de Haan, A spectral representation for max-stable processes, Ann. Probab., 12(4):1194–1204, 1984, https://doi.org/10.1214/aop/1176993148.
L. de Haan and J. Pickands, III, Stationary min-stable stochastic processes, Probab. Theory Relat. Fields, 72(4):477–492, 1986, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00344716.
A.B. Dieker and T. Mikosch, Exact simulation of Brown–Resnick random fields at a finite number of locations, Extremes, 18:301–314, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-015-0214-4.
A.B. Dieker and B. Yakir, On asymptotic constants in the theory of extremes for Gaussian processes, Bernoulli, 20(3):1600–1619, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3150/13-BEJ534.
C. Dombry, E. Hashorva, and P. Soulier, Tail measure and spectral tail process of regularly varying time series, Ann. Appl. Probab., 28(6):3884–3921, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1214/18-AAP1410.
C. Dombry and Z. Kabluchko, Ergodic decompositions of stationary max-stable processes in terms of their spectral functions, Stochastic Processes Appl., 127(6):1763–1784, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2016.10.001.
A. Ehlert and M. Schlather, Capturing the multivariate extremal index: Bounds and interconnections, Extremes, 11(4):353–377, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-008-0062-6.
P. Embrechts, C. Klüppelberg, and T. Mikosch, Modelling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance, Stoch. Model. Appl. Probab., Vol. 33, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1997, 10.1007/978-3-642-33483-2.
H. Ferreira and L. Pereira, How to compute the extremal index of stationary random fields, Stat. Probab. Lett., 78(11):1301–1304, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2007.11.025.
J.P. French and R.A. Davis, The asymptotic distribution of the maxima of a Gaussian random field on a lattice, Extremes, 16(1):1–26, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-012-0149-y.
E. Hashorva, Representations of max-stable processes via exponential tilting, Stochastic Processes Appl., 128(9):2952–2978, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2017.10.003.
A. Jakubowski and N. Soja-Kukieła, Managing local dependencies in asymptotic theory for maxima of stationary random fields, Extremes, 22(2):293–315, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-018-0336-6.
A. Janßen, Spectral tail processes and max-stable approximations of multivariate regularly varying time series, Stochastic Processes Appl., 129(6):1993–2009, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2018.06.010.
Z. Kabluchko, M. Schlather, and L. de Haan, Stationary max-stable fields associated to negative definite functions, Ann. Probab., 37(5):2042–2065, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1214/09-AOP455.
S.G. Kobelkov and V.I. Piterbarg, On maximum of Gaussian random field having unique maximum point of its variance, Extremes, 22(3):413–432, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-019-00346-2.
D. Krizmani´c, Functional weak convergence of partial maxima processes, Extremes, 19(1):7–23, 2016, 10.1007/s10687-015-0236-y.
I. Molchanov, M. Schmutz, and K. Stucki, Invariance properties of random vectors and stochastic processes based on the zonoid concept, Bernoulli, 20(3):1210–1233, 2014, https://doi.org/10.3150/13-BEJ519.
Y. Nardi, D.O. Siegmund, and B. Yakir, The distribution of maxima of approximately Gaussian random fields, Ann. Stat., 36(3):1375–1403, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1214/07-AOS511.
X. Nguyen, Ergodic theorems for subadditive spatial processes, Z. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheor. Verw. Geb., 48(2):159–176, 1979, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01886870.
J. Pickands, III, Asymptotic properties of the maximum in a stationary Gaussian process, Trans. Am. Math. Soc., 145:75–86, 1969, https://doi.org/10.2307/1995059.
H. Planini´c and P. Soulier, The tail process revisited, Extremes, 21(4):551–579, 2018, 10.1007/s10687-018-0312-1.
P. Roy, Nonsingular group actions and stationary SαS random fields, Proc. Am. Math. Soc., 138(6):2195–2202, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-10-10250-0.
P. Roy and G. Samorodnitsky, Stationary symmetric α-stable discrete parameter random fields, J. Theor. Probab., 21(1):212–233, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10959-007-0107-9.
G. Samorodnitsky, Extreme value theory, ergodic theory and the boundary between short memory and long memory for stationary stable processes, Ann. Probab., 32(2):1438–1468, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1214/009117904000000261.
G. Samorodnitsky, Maxima of continuous-time stationary stable processes, Adv. Appl. Probab., 36(3):805–823, 2004, https://doi.org/10.1239/aap/1093962235.
J. Segers, Y. Zhao, and T. Meinguet, Polar decomposition of regularly varying time series in star-shaped metric spaces, Extremes, 20(3):539–566, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-017-0287-3.
D. Siegmund and B. Yakir, Tail probabilities for the null distribution of scanning statistics, Bernoulli, 6(2):191–213, 2000, https://doi.org/10.2307/3318574.
D. Siegmund, B. Yakir, and N.R. Zhang, Tail approximations for maxima of random fields by likelihood ratio transformations, Sequential Anal., 29(3):245–262, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1080/07474946.2010.487428.
D. Siegmund, B. Yakir, and N.R. Zhang, Detecting simultaneous variant intervals in aligned sequences, Ann. Appl. Stat., 5(2A):645–668, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1214/10-AOAS400.
N. Soja-Kukieła, Extremes of multidimensional stationary Gaussian random fields, Probab. Math. Stat., 38(1):191–207, 2018.
N. Soja-Kukieła, On maxima of stationary fields, J. Appl. Probab., 56(4):1217–1230, 2019, doi:10.1017/jpr.2019.69, https://doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2019.69.
P. Soulier, The tail process and tail measure of continuous time regularly varying stochastic processes, 2020, arXiv:2004.00325.
S.A. Stoev, Max–stable processes: Representations, ergodic properties and statistical applications, in P. Doukhan, G. Lang, D. Surgailis, and G. Teyssière (Eds.), Dependence in Probability and Statistics, Lect. Notes Stat., Vol. 200, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 21–42, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14104-1_2.
C. Tillier and O. Wintenberger, Regular variation of a random length sequence of random variables and application to risk assessment, Extremes, 21(1):27–56, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10687-017-0297-1.
K.F. Turkman, A note on the extremal index for space-time processes, J. Appl. Probab., 43(1):114–126, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1239/jap/1143936247.
Y.Wang and S.A. Stoev, On the association of sum- and max-stable processes, Stat. Probab. Lett., 80(5–6):480–488, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spl.2009.12.001.
L. Wu and G. Samorodnitsky, Regularly varying random fields, Stochastic Processes Appl., 130(7):4470–4492, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spa.2020.01.005.
B. Yakir, Extremes in Random Fields: A Theory and Its Applications, Wiley Ser. Probab. Stat., Higher Education Press, Beijing, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118720608.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Partially supported by SNSF grants 200021-175752/1 and 200021-196888.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hashorva, E. On Extremal Index of Max-Stable Random Fields. Lith Math J 61, 217–238 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10986-021-09519-8
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10986-021-09519-8