Abstract
The acoustic emission of hollow plate specimens of two calcitic marbles quarried in Greece is studied in the laboratory under uniaxial compression. Theses plate specimens are used as physical models, having a cylindrical opening of various sizes in the middle. Location analysis of the acoustic emission sources follows closely the macroscopic fracture surfaces, observed inside the collapsed physical models after the end of the experiments. The located AE signals’ sources are determined as either tensile or shear, according to the average frequency AF–RA value analysis. It is found that tensile AE signals’ sources dominate during fracturing of the studied physical models, from the onset of the fracturing development to their maximum strength. The overall percentage of the signals attributed to tensile AE sources is of the order of 90%, while most of the located shear AE sources are nucleated after the sidewall’s rock failure. The potential of the acoustic emission technique stands out, as it is capable to distinguish the tensile or shear nature of the recorded AE signals, and to locate reliably the microcracking of such hollow specimens during the compression tests, at least for the currently studied marble varieties.
Article Highlights
-
AE location analysis is performable on hollow marble specimens in simple compression.
-
The nature of the marble’s microcracking is distinguishable by the AF–RA value analysis.
-
The marbles’ fracturing process is studied through 3D AE location in distinct time/test-steps.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
Code availability
Commercial software application.
References
Aggelis DG (2011) Classification of cracking mode in concrete by acoustic emission parameters. Mech Res Commun 38(3):153–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2011.03.007
Carter BZ (1992) Physical and numerical modeling of fracture in rock: with special emphasis on the potash mines of Saskatchewan. Ph.D. Thesis
Chen H, Di Q, Zhang W, Li Y, Niu J (2021) Effects of bedding orientation on the failure pattern and acoustic emission activity of shale under uniaxial compression. Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resources 7:20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00216-x
Cheng W, Wang W, Huang S, Ma P (2013) Acoustic emission monitoring of rockbursts during TBM-excavated headrace tunneling at Jinping II hydropower station. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 5(6):486–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2011.09.001
Du K, Li X, Tao M, Wang S (2020) Experimental study on acoustic emission (AE) characteristics and crack classification during rock fracture in several basic lab tests. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 133:104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104411
Dyskin AV, Basarir H, Doherty J, Elchalakani M, Joldes GR, Karrech A, Lehane B, Miller K, Pasternak E, Shufrin I, Wittek A (2018) Computational monitoring in real time: review of methods and applications. Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resources 4:235–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-018-0086-6
Ebrahimian Z, Ahmadi M, Sadri S, Li BQ, Moradian O (2019) Wavelet analysis of acoustic emissions associated with cracking in rocks. Eng Fract Mech 217:106516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2019.106516
Farhidzadeh A, Mpalaskas AC, Matikas TE, Farhidzadeh H, Aggelis DG (2014) Fracture mode identification in cementitious materials using supervised pattern recognition of acoustic emission features. Constr Build Mater 67(Part B):129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.015
Ganne P, Vervoort A, Wevers M (2007) Quantification of pre-peak brittle damage: correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracturing. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 44(5):720–729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2006.11.003
Gramberg J (1989) A non-conventional view on rock mechanics and fracture mechanism. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam
ISRM (1978) Suggested methods for determining tensile strength of rock materials. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 15(3):99–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)90003-7
Kim J-S, Lee K-S, Cho W-J, Choi H-J, Cho G-C (2015) A comparative evaluation of stress-strain and acoustic emission methods for quantitative damage assessments of brittle rock. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48(2):495–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-014-0590-0
Koerner RM, McCabe WM, Lord AE Jr (1981) Overview of acoustic emission monitoring of rock structures. Rock Mech 14:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01239775
Lajtai EZ (1972) Effect of tensile stress gradient on brittle fracture initiation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 9:569–578
Lee B, Rathnaweera TD (2016) Stress threshold identification of progressive fracturing in Bukit Timah granite under uniaxial and triaxial stress conditions. Geomech Geophy Geo-Energ Geo-Res 2:301–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-016-0037-z
Liu J-P, Li Y-H, Xu S-D (2014) Estimation of cracking and damage mechanisms of rock specimens with precut holes by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission. Int J Fract 188(1):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10704-014-9940-x
Liu J-P, Li Y-H, Xu S-D, Xu S, Jin C-Y (2015a) Cracking mechanisms in granite rocks subjected to uniaxial compression by moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission. Theoret Appl Fract Mech 75:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2014.12.006
Liu J-P, Li Y-H, Xu S-D, Xu S, Jin C-Y, Liu Z-S (2015b) Moment tensor analysis of acoustic emission for cracking mechanisms in rock with a pre-cut circular hole under uniaxial compression. Eng Fract Mech 135:206–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2015.01.006
Liu X, Wu L, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Yao X, Liang P (2019) Frequency properties of acoustic emissions from the dry and saturated rock. Environ Earth Sci 78:67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8058-x
Lockner DA (1993) The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 30(7):883–899. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90041-B
Lockner DA, Walsh JB, Byerlee JD (1977) Changes in seismic velocity and attenuation during deformation of granite. J Geophys Res 82(33):5374–5378. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB082i033p05374
Lockner DA, Byerlee JD, Kuksenko V, Ponomarev A, Sidorin A (1991) Quasi-static fault growth and shear fracture energy in granite. Nature 350:39–42
Lotidis MA (2019) Micromechanical rock behaviour around openings. Ph.D. Thesis, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, Tunnelling Laboratory, Athens, Greece. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/46309
Lotidis MA, Nomikos PP, Sofianos AI (2019) Numerical study of the fracturing process in marble and plaster hollow plate specimens subjected to uniaxial compression. Rock Mech Rock Eng 52(11):4361–4386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-01884-8
Lotidis MA, Nomikos PP, Sofianos AI (2020) Laboratory study of the fracturing process in marble and plaster hollow plates subjected to uniaxial compression by combined acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53(4):1953–1971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-019-02025-x
Manthei G, Plenkers K (2018) Review on in situ acoustic emission monitoring in the context of structural health monitoring in mines. Appl Sci 8(9):1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091595
Martin CD (1993) The strength of massive Lac du Bonnet granite around underground openings. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg
Mistras Group Hellas (2015) Personal communication
Mistras Group Hellas (2017) Noesis v8.1-Manual
Nils H (2021) Scatter plot colored by Kernel density estimate. Retrieved from MATLAB Central File Exchange: https://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/65728-scatter-plot-colored-by-kernel-density-estimate
Nomikos PP, Sakkas KM, Sofianos AI (2012). Acoustic emission of Dionysos marble specimens in uniaxial compression. In: Harmonising rock engineering and the environment: proceedings of the 12th ISRM international congress on rock mechanics, 16–21 October, Beijing, China, pp 771–775
Ohno K, Ohtsu M (2010) Crack classification in concrete based on acoustic emission. Constr Build Mater 24(12):2339–2346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.05.004
Ohtsu M, Isoda T, Tomoda Y (2007) Acoustic emission techniques standardized for concrete structures. J Acoust Emiss 25:21–32
Omondi B, Aggelis DG, Sol H, Sitters C (2016) Improved crack monitoring in structural concrete by combined acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques. Struct Health Monit. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921716636806
PAC (2009) AE win-manual
Tham LG, Liu H, Tang CA, Lee PK, Tsui Y (2005) On tension failure of 2-D rock specimens and associated acoustic emission. Rock Mech Rock Eng 38(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-004-0031-6
Triantis D (2018) Acoustic emission monitoring of marble specimens under uniaxial compression. Precursor phenomena in the near-failure phase. Procedia Struct Integr 10:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2018.09.003
Wong LN, Einstein HH (2009) Crack coalescence in molded gypsum and Carrara marble: Part 1. Macroscopic observations and interpretation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 42:475–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-008-0002-4
Xie H, Zhu J, Zhou T, Zhang K, Zhou C (2020) Conceptualization and preliminary study of engineering disturbed rock dynamics. Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resources 6:34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-020-00157-x
Xu S, Liu J-P, Xu S-D, Wei J, Huang W-B, Dong L-B (2012) Experimental studies on pillar failure characteristics based on acoustic emission location technique. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 22(11):2792–2798. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(11)61534-3
Yanagidani T, Ehara S, Nishizawa O, Kusunose K, Terada M (1985) Localization of dilatancy in Ohshima granie under constant uniaxial stress. J Geophys Res 90(B8):6840–6858. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB090iB08p06840
Yang J, Yang S-Q, Liu G-J, Tian W-l, Li Y (2021) Experimental study of crack evolution in prefabricated double-fissure red sandstone based on acoustic emission location. Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resources 7:18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00219-8
Yin P-F, Yang S-Q (2020) Experimental study on strength and failure behavior of transversely isotropic rock-like material under uniaxial compression. Geomech Geophys Geo-energy Geo-resources 6:44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-020-00168-8
Zhao X-D, Zhang H-X, Zhu W-C (2014) Fracture evolution around pre-existing cylindrical cavities in brittle rocks under uniaxial compression. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 24(3):806–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(14)63129-0
Zheng Q, Xu Y, Hu H, Qian J, Ma Y, Gao X (2021) Quantitative damage, fracture mechanism and velocity structure tomography of sandstone under uniaxial load based on acoustic emission monitoring technology. Constr Build Mater 272:121911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121911
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lotidis, M.A., Nomikos, P.P. Acoustic emission location analysis and microcracks’ nature determination of uniaxially compressed calcitic marble hollow plates. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 7, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00237-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00237-6