Abstract
Recently Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) has gained great exposure for its emerging applications and becoming an essential part of human daily life. VANET can broadcast safety and control messages to neighbors and intended destinations on time. But due to the frequent topology change and high mobility of vehicles imposes a major challenge in VANET communications. Designing an efficient routing algorithm for maintaining adequate network performance in health monitoring applications is the necessity of today’s life. Wireless technology and positioning system make geographic routing protocol a more suitable and effective solution for VANET applications. High-quality medical facilities and respond promptly needed to the patient in an emergency or disaster situation. Therefore, using efficient routing, a patient’s health can be monitored through communication between vehicles and the patient. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol can be a suitable routing protocol that can help in best route selection in an emergency. The work presented in this paper analyzes the advantages and shortcomings of GPSR and proposes an improved link risk degree aided Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol based on Weight Gradient (GPSR-WG) protocol. GPSR-WG improves the greedy forwarding by considering multiple routing criteria such as direction, distance degree, link risk degree, and normalized speed factor. GPSR-WG implements the weight gradient on these criteria for selecting the next-hop node within the communication range to maximize the routing performance. We have evaluated the work mathematically and simulated it using the NS-3 network simulator. Simulation results have proved that the GPSR-WG protocol performs better when compared with GPSR, GPSR-M, and MM-GPSR in an urban vehicular environment.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aliyu A, Abdullah AH, Kaiwartya O et al (2018) Cloud computing in VANETs: architecture, taxonomy, and challenges. IETE Tech Rev 35:523–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2017.1342572
Al-Sultan S, Al-Doori MM, Al-Bayatti AH, Zedan H (2014) A comprehensive survey on vehicular Ad Hoc network. J Netw Comput Appl 37:380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2013.02.036
Altahrawi MA, Ismail M, Mahdi H, Ramli N (2018) Routing protocol in a hybrid sensor and vehicular network for different mobility scenario. IEEE Malays Int Conf Commun. https://doi.org/10.1109/MICC.2017.8311743
Barua M, Liang X, Lu R, Shen X (2014) RCare: extending secure health care to rural area using VANETs. Mob Networks Appl 19:318–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-013-0446-y
Bhoi SK (2017) Path selection based routing protocols for urban vehicular Ad Hoc networks. National Institute of Technology, Rourkela
Bhoi SK, Khilar PM (2016) VehiHealth: an emergency routing protocol for vehicular Ad Hoc network to support healthcare system. J Med Syst 40:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10916-015-0420-2
Biswas S, Tatchikou R, Dion F (2006) Vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication protocols for enhancing highway traffic safety. IEEE Commun Mag 44:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2006.1580935
Boualouache A, Senouci SM, Moussaoui S (2018) A survey on pseudonym changing strategies for vehicular Ad-hoc networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutorials 20:770–790. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2017.2771522
Bouras C, Kapoulas V, Tsanai E (2015) A GPSR enhancement mechanism for routing in VANETs. Lect Notes Comput Sci 9071:94–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22572-2_7
Dharani Kumari NV, Shylaja BS (2019) AMGRP: AHP-based multimetric geographical routing protocol for urban environment of VANETs. J King Saud Univ Comput Inf Sci 31:72–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2017.01.001
Dressler F, Hartenstein H, Altintas O, Tonguz OK (2014) Inter-vehicle communication: quo vadis. IEEE Commun Mag 52:170–177. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2014.6829960
Fonseca A, Camões A, Vazão T (2012) Implementation of position-based routing module on NS3. In: 5th International ICST Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques, pp 353–358
gnuplot homepage (2020) http://www.gnuplot.info/. Accessed 21 Dec 2020
Hannes Hartenstein KPL (2010) VANET : vehicular applications and inter-networking. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New Jersey
Hu L, Ding Z, Shi H (2012) An improved GPSR routing strategy in VANET. Int Conf Wirel Commun Netw Mob Comput WiCOM 2012:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiCOM.2012.6478416
Husain A, Raw RS, Kumar B, Doegar A (2011) Performance comparison of topology and position based routing protocols in vehicular network environments. Int J Wirel Mob Networks 3:289–303. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijwmn.2011.3420
Jerbi M, Meraihi R, Senouci SM, Ghamri-Doudane Y (2006) GyTAR: improved greedy traffic aware routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks in city environments. In: VANET Proceedings of the Third ACM International Workshop on Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks, pp 88–89
Karp B, Kung HT (2000) GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for wireless networks. Proc Annu Int Conf Mob Comput Networking, MOBICOM 243–254
Khaliq KA, Raza SM, Chughtai O et al (2018) Experimental validation of an accident detection and management application in vehicular environment. Comput Electr Eng 71:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2018.07.027
Krajzewicz D, Erdmann J, Behrisch M, Bieker L (2012) Recent development and applications of {SUMO-Simulation of Urban Mobility}. Int J Adv Syst Meas 5:128–138
Lai Y, Yang F, Su J et al (2018) Fog-based two-phase event monitoring and data gathering in vehicular sensor networks. Sensors (Switzerland) 18:1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18010082
Li Z, Yin B, Gao M, Zhao X (2020) Improved GPSR routing protocol based on weight function in shipborne ad hoc networks. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/768/5/052134
Lochert C, Mauve M, Füßler H, Hartenstein H (2005) Geographic routing in city scenarios. ACM SIGMOBILE Mob Comput Commun Rev 9:69–72. https://doi.org/10.1145/1055959.1055970
Maltz DA, Johnson DB (2007) RFC 4728. The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for mobile Ad Hoc networks for IPv4. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4728. Accessed 18 Aug 2020
Maria A, Biagi M, Cusani R (2013) Smart Vehicles, technologies and main applications in vehicular Ad hoc networks. InTech, London
Mohammadzadeh A, Kayacan E (2020) A novel fractional-order type-2 fuzzy control method for online frequency regulation in ac microgrid. Eng Appl Artif Intell 90:103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2020.103483
Mohammadzadeh A, Sabzalian MH, Zhang W (2020) An interval type-3 fuzzy system and a new online fractional-order learning algorithm: theory and practice. IEEE Trans Fuzzy Syst 28:1940–1950. https://doi.org/10.1109/TFUZZ.2019.2928509
Mohandas A, Mukhopadhyay A, Athira V (2018) A location aware telemedicine routing protocol (LATR) for healthcare in villages. Proc Int Conf Smart Technol Smart Nation 2017:1375–1385. https://doi.org/10.1109/SmartTechCon.2017.8358591
Morrison D, Ablitt T, Redouté JM (2015) Miniaturized low-power wireless sensor interface. IEEE Sens J 15:4731–4732. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2442235
Naor Z (2013) Fast and reliable handoff for vehicular networks. Ad Hoc Netw 11:2136–2145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.05.002
Noshadi H, Giordano E, Hagopian H, Universit W (2008) Remote medical monitoring through vehicular Ad Hoc network. In: International Symposium on Wireless Vehicular Communications, (WiVeC 2008), Calgary, Canada, pp 1–5
Rana KK, Tripathi S, Raw RS (2018) Analytical analysis of improved directional location added routing protocol for VANETS. Wirel Pers Commun 98:2403–2426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-017-4980-y
Rana KK, Tripathi S, Raw RS (2020) Opportunistic directional location aided routing protocol for vehicular Ad-hoc network. Wirel Pers Commun 110:1217–1235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06782-4
Raw RS, Das S (2013) Performance analysis of P-GEDIR protocol for vehicular ad hoc network in urban traffic environments. Wirel Pers Commun 68:65–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-011-0439-8
Raw RS, Das S, Singh N et al (2012) Feasibility evaluation of VANET using directional-location aided routing (D-LAR) protocol. Int J Comput Sci 9(5):1–7
Raw RS, Kumar M, Singh N (2013) Security challenges, issues and their solutions for VANET. Int J Netw Secur Its Appl 5:95–105. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2013.5508
Raw RS, Lobiyal DK, Das S, Kumar S (2015) Analytical evaluation of directional-location aided routing protocol for VANETs. Wirel Pers Commun 82:1877–1891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-2320-7
Sahoo PK, Chiang M-J, Wu S-L (2014) SVANET: a smart vehicular Ad Hoc network for efficient data transmission with wireless sensors. Sensors 14:22230–22260. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141222230
Salvo P, Cuomo F, Baiocchi A, Rubin I (2015) Investigating VANET dissemination protocols performance under high throughput conditions. Veh Commun 2:185–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vehcom.2015.07.003
Shao C, Leng S, Zhang Y et al (2015) Performance analysis of connectivity probability and connectivity-aware MAC protocol design for platoon-based VANETs. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 64:5596–5609. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2479942
Shrestha R, Bajracharya R, Nam SY (2018) Challenges of future VANET and cloud-based approaches. Wirel Commun Mob Comput. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5603518
Silva A, Reza N, Oliveira A (2019) Improvement and performance evaluation of GPSR-based routing techniques for vehicular Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Access 7:21722–21733. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2898776
Singh P, Raw RS (2019) State of the art in simulation software for health monitoring through vehicular Ad-hoc network. In: 2019 6th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), pp 832–837
Singh P, Bali RS, Kumar N et al (2018) Secure healthcare data dissemination using vehicle relay networks. IEEE Internet Things J 5:3733–3746. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2865008
Singh P, Raw RS, Khan SA (2020) Development of novel framework for patient health monitoring system using VANET: an Indian perspective. Int J Inf Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41870-020-00551-4
Sun G, Zhang Y, Yu H et al (2020) Intersection fog-based distributed routing for V2V communication in urban vehicular Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 21:2409–2426. https://doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2019.2918255
Tang L, Liu Y, Chen Q (2015) Optimized beaconing rate control for vehicular Ad-hoc networks. J China Univ Posts Telecommun 22:10–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1005-8885(15)60688-4
Tools/TraceExporter-SUMO Documentation (2021) https://sumo.dlr.de/docs/Tools/TraceExporter.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2021
Tools/Trip-SUMO Documentation (2021) https://sumo.dlr.de/docs/Tools/Trip.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2021
Umamaheswari S, Priya M (2013) An efficient healthcare monitoring system in vehicular Ad Hoc networks. Int J Comput Appl 78:45–49. https://doi.org/10.5120/13505-1254
Xiao B, Guo W, Liu J, Zhu S (2007) A pseudo gossip routing algorithm in mobile ad hoc networks. Int Conf Commun Circuits Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCAS.2007.6250854
Xiao D, Peng L, Asogwa CO, Huang L (2011) An improved GPSR routing protocol. Int J Adv Comput Technol 3:132–139. https://doi.org/10.4156/ijact.vol3.issue5.15
Xiao-li Z, Zhao Qian ZT, Xiao-li Z, Qian Z, Tong Z (2017) Improved GPSR-SD routing protocol for VANET. J Highyw Transp Res Dev 11:98–103
Yang X, Li M, Qian Z, Di T (2018) Improvement of GPSR protocol in vehicular Ad Hoc network. IEEE Access 6:39515–39524. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2853112
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, P., Raw, R.S. & Khan, S.A. Link risk degree aided routing protocol based on weight gradient for health monitoring applications in vehicular ad-hoc networks. J Ambient Intell Human Comput 13, 5779–5801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03264-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03264-z