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Origin of multilayer corona textures in mafic granulites from the Sandmata Complex, Aravalli Craton (northwestern India): petrological characteristics and tectonic implications

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Abstract

In Late Proterozoic mafic granulites of the Sandmata Complex in Rajasthan, northwestern India, multilayer corona textures were formed along the interface between orthopyroxene and plagioclase. We examined the metamorphic conditions and processes of formation of these coronae, which provide an insight into the interplay between steady state and sequential diffusion-controlled mineral growth mechanisms. The individual corona–symplectite layers consist of clinopyroxene + quartz|garnet + clinopyroxene|garnet + quartz|K-feldspar, from the inner to the outer margins of the coronae. The single-value decomposition models suggest that the multilayered coronae were formed in a locally closed system, via sequential diffusion of Mg, Fe and Ca into the reaction zone, which has acted as the main driving force for the growth of corona textures. The relict orthopyroxene with exsolved clinopyroxene yields primary crystallization conditions of 8.4 ± 1.5 kbar and ~ 1100–1000 °C. Clinopyroxene in the innermost corona layer grew at ~ 9 kbar and 850–800 °C, whereas clinopyroxene + garnet grew outward at ~ 8 kbar and 700–600 °C. Subsequent hydrous retrogression (~ 6 kbar and 600–550 °C) resulted in the development of rimward zoning in garnet and the growth of amphibole. On combining textural relations and the above conventional P–T estimates, a near-isobaric cooling P–T path was reconstructed using phase equilibria modeling. Further, the near-isobaric cooling path is consistent with the magmatic underplating hypothesis in the Sandmata Complex, where the intrusion of magmatic bodies (i.e., Gyangarh–Asind igneous complex and Anjana granite) favored the development of granulite facies assemblage in norite and gabbronorite protoliths.

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Acknowledgements

Suranjan Ghosh carried out this research work as a research fellow of the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi. The work constitutes a part of Suranjan’s doctoral thesis. We gratefully acknowledge the funding provided by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB, India) core research Grant CRG/2019/000812 and partial financial support from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay seed-grant (13IRCCSG025). Mineral analyses for the study were carried out using the SERB-sponsored CAMECA SX-Five electron microprobe present in the Department Earth Sciences, IIT Bombay. The authors are grateful to Hetu Sheth and KK Sharma for their assistance during the fieldwork. Praveen C Singh and H Hrushikesh are appreciated for their valuable discussions and suggestions during various stages of this work. JAD Connolly is acknowledged for his guidance with phase equilibria modeling. The manuscript benefitted from insightful and constructive reviews by Chris Yakymchuk and an anonymous reviewer. Daniela Rubatto is thanked for her careful editorial efforts.

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  1. Joseph D’Souza

    Present address: Department of Applied Geology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India

    Suranjan Ghosh, N. Prabhakar & Joseph D’Souza

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410_2021_1782_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Fig. S1. (a) BSE mosaic of a thin section showing abundant coronae in sample SND-2B. (b-c) BSE and false color images of two different coronae (type-I and II) used in this study. XMapTools Program (Lanari et al., 2014) has been used to calculate the modal abundance of different phases present in the thin section and also individual representative coronae. (d) BSE mosaic of the entire section showing fine-grained corona and symplectite textures in sample BSG-72E. (e) False color image of the relict cumulate texture showing different coronae (type-III and IV) (PDF 1318 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

Fig. S2: (a-c) BSE images and X-ray element maps (Fe Ka, Mg Ka, Ca Ka, and K Ka) showing compositional variations in representative coronae (type-I and II) of sample SND-2B. (a) Textural and mineralogical variations across the type-I corona. The rectangle marks the area shown in (b). (b) A representative segment of the corona where the exsolution of Cpx in Opx is best preserved. (c) Textural and mineralogical variations across the type-II corona. (d) BSE images and X-ray element maps (Fe Ka, Mg Ka, and Ca Ka) of representative coronae (type-III and IV) in sample BSG-72E (PDF 413 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Fig. S3: P–T conditions estimated using (a) two-pyroxene and (b) ternary feldspar solvus thermometry for sample SND-2B. (a) Mineral compositions of orthopyroxene and exsolved clinopyroxene were used to determine reintegrated pyroxene compositions (Lindsley 1983), which suggest crystallization temperatures of the igneous protolith at 1100–1000 °C. (b) Exsolved feldspar compositions estimate crystallization temperature of feldspar at 900–800 °C (Fuhrman and Lindsley 1988) (PDF 445 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Fig. S4: P–T diagram showing variations in the calculated modal abundance of different minerals present in the mafic granulite sample SND-2B. The corresponding P–T pseudosection is given in Fig. 6a–c (PDF 404 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Fig. S5: P–T diagram showing variations in the calculated modal abundance of different minerals present in the mafic granulite sample BSG-72E. The corresponding P–T pseudosection is given in Fig. 6d (PDF 481 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM6_ESM.pdf

Fig. S6: (a-l) Compilation of chemical potential diagrams showing μCaO–μFeO relations in the CFMASH system, which were calculated at variable pressure (6.9 kbar, 6.7 kbar and 6.5 kbar) and temperature (860 °C, 840 °C, 820 °C and 800 °C) conditions for the univariant reaction (orthopyroxene + plagioclase = clinopyroxene + garnet + quartz). Colored symbols (boxes) in all the figures indicate the initial position of invariant points at the primary P–T conditions (red box). The other colored boxes in the diagrams represent the positions of new invariant points with changing P–T conditions (PDF 497 KB)

410_2021_1782_MOESM7_ESM.pdf

Fig. S7: (a-l) Compilation of chemical potential diagrams showing μCaO–μMgO relations in the CFMASH system, which were calculated at variable pressure (6.9 kbar, 6.7 kbar and 6.5 kbar) and temperature (860 °C, 840 °C, 820 °C and 800 °C) conditions for the univariant reaction (orthopyroxene + plagioclase = clinopyroxene + garnet + quartz). Colored symbols (boxes) in all the figures indicate the initial position of invariant points at the primary P–T conditions (red box). The other colored boxes in the diagrams represent the positions of new invariant points with changing P–T conditions (PDF 882 KB)

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Ghosh, S., Prabhakar, N. & D’Souza, J. Origin of multilayer corona textures in mafic granulites from the Sandmata Complex, Aravalli Craton (northwestern India): petrological characteristics and tectonic implications. Contrib Mineral Petrol 176, 35 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01782-9

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