Review article
Current trends in green sample preparation before liquid chromatographic bioanalysis

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2021.100499Get rights and content

Highlights

  • Green sample preparation approaches in the field of liquid chromatography bioanalysis are described.

  • Selected novel techniques are highlighted.

  • Innovative materials and concepts are reported.

  • Emphasis is given to the contribution of sample preparation in green analytical chemistry.

The sample preparation workflow of any biological sample is the flagship of the entire analytical methodology. Currently, green analytical chemistry based on the concept of sustainability has been influencing all steps in bioanalytical method development and mostly sample preparation. Thus, new, sophisticated techniques, materials, automated arrays, and instrumental configurations have been currently introduced, driving the establishment of many novel green approaches in the field of bioanalysis. Herein, we discuss the current trends in green sample preparation before liquid chromatographic bioanalysis.

Section snippets

Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation of biosamples

In the 21st century, one of the most critical issues that should be addressed is the comprehensive transformation of the economy and of all the anthropogenic activities to a more ecological and sustainable modus operandi. The idea of sustainability provoked the establishment of the concept of green analytical chemistry (GAC) [1, 2, 3, 4]. The fundamental target of GAC is the ‘greening’ of any laboratory analytical processes and practices. That general direction was transformed in the well-known

Fabric-phase sorptive extraction–based methodologies

Fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a novel sorbent-based green microextraction technique, introduced by Kabir and Furton in 2014 [16, 17∗∗, 18, 19]. Typically, a porous hydrophilic cellulose or hydrophobic polyester fabric is used as the substrate for hosting the sorbent. The substrate porosity and open geometry lead to maximization of the loaded sorbent. This beneficial combination offers a large primary contact surface area through a flexible, handy, and resilient extraction device.

Approaches based on natural materials

In 2019, Mafra et al. [31], in an interesting review article, reported on the use of natural modified or unmodified materials as sorbents in extraction and microextraction techniques. This approximation may diminish more environmental footprints of the processes involved in sample preparation strategies in bioanalysis. The implementation of natural materials as extraction phases can guarantee the greenness and the sustainability of the method. The properties of many natural substrates that can

Molecularly imprinted polymer–based sorbents

The development and application of molecular imprinting technologies by which molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are produced lead to significant improvements in microextraction and pretreatment of biosamples. MIPs possess advanced adsorption properties and are used as sorbents in SPE configurations [37]. Díaz-Liñán et al. [38] demonstrated a dual-template molecularly imprinted paper made via a dip coating protocol, for extraction of drugs from saliva samples. The extraction took place

Liquid-phase microextraction approaches

Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a novel liquid-phase micropreparative technique based on miniaturized innovative instrumental arrays, appropriate for extracting analytes from complex biological matrices. In EME, any charged analytes may be extracted from the sample via a supported liquid membrane (SLM), into an acceptor solution usually consisting of a nonmiscible with water organic solvent by means of an electric field. The application of EME can drastically decrease the time interval of

Conclusion

In this review, some recent noticeable advanced sample pretreatment methodologies for biosamples have been highlighted, exploiting the benefits of new sophisticated microextraction techniques before HPLC analysis.

Regarding future perspectives, it is expected that amelioration of well-known and reliable techniques as well as incorporation of novel advanced materials and sorbents into their configuration will be beneficial for development of new approaches.

Moreover, application of new materials

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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