Review articleCurrent trends in green sample preparation before liquid chromatographic bioanalysis
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Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation of biosamples
In the 21st century, one of the most critical issues that should be addressed is the comprehensive transformation of the economy and of all the anthropogenic activities to a more ecological and sustainable modus operandi. The idea of sustainability provoked the establishment of the concept of green analytical chemistry (GAC) [1, 2, 3, 4]. The fundamental target of GAC is the ‘greening’ of any laboratory analytical processes and practices. That general direction was transformed in the well-known
Fabric-phase sorptive extraction–based methodologies
Fabric-phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) is a novel sorbent-based green microextraction technique, introduced by Kabir and Furton in 2014 [16, 17∗∗, 18, 19]. Typically, a porous hydrophilic cellulose or hydrophobic polyester fabric is used as the substrate for hosting the sorbent. The substrate porosity and open geometry lead to maximization of the loaded sorbent. This beneficial combination offers a large primary contact surface area through a flexible, handy, and resilient extraction device.
Approaches based on natural materials
In 2019, Mafra et al. [31], in an interesting review article, reported on the use of natural modified or unmodified materials as sorbents in extraction and microextraction techniques. This approximation may diminish more environmental footprints of the processes involved in sample preparation strategies in bioanalysis. The implementation of natural materials as extraction phases can guarantee the greenness and the sustainability of the method. The properties of many natural substrates that can
Molecularly imprinted polymer–based sorbents
The development and application of molecular imprinting technologies by which molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are produced lead to significant improvements in microextraction and pretreatment of biosamples. MIPs possess advanced adsorption properties and are used as sorbents in SPE configurations [37]. Díaz-Liñán et al. [38] demonstrated a dual-template molecularly imprinted paper made via a dip coating protocol, for extraction of drugs from saliva samples. The extraction took place
Liquid-phase microextraction approaches
Electromembrane extraction (EME) is a novel liquid-phase micropreparative technique based on miniaturized innovative instrumental arrays, appropriate for extracting analytes from complex biological matrices. In EME, any charged analytes may be extracted from the sample via a supported liquid membrane (SLM), into an acceptor solution usually consisting of a nonmiscible with water organic solvent by means of an electric field. The application of EME can drastically decrease the time interval of
Conclusion
In this review, some recent noticeable advanced sample pretreatment methodologies for biosamples have been highlighted, exploiting the benefits of new sophisticated microextraction techniques before HPLC analysis.
Regarding future perspectives, it is expected that amelioration of well-known and reliable techniques as well as incorporation of novel advanced materials and sorbents into their configuration will be beneficial for development of new approaches.
Moreover, application of new materials
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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2022, Journal of Chromatography ACitation Excerpt :Naturally, the two classic techniques, that are used are liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid- phase extraction (SPE) [2,6–16]. Nowadays, under the influence of the idea of sustainability that provoked the manifestation of the Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) concept, a plethora of novel advanced microextraction techniques have been developed in combination with new superior materials [19–22]. However, only a few of them have been used in the bioanalysis of BPs and other EDCs in human breast milk.
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2022, Food ChemistryCitation Excerpt :This becomes relevant since food matrices are usually complex causing a wide variety of potential interferences. In general, pre-concentration has two major implications: (1) the analyte is enriched and (2) matrix effects are minimized or even suppressed (Alampanos & Samanidou, 2021; Simpson Jr, Quirino, & Terabe, 2008). The pre-concentration (also known as enrichment) is a procedure in which the target species are quantitatively moved from large sample into a small volume of solvent.