Abstract

In this paper, we introduce a modified method which is constructed by mixing the residual power series method and the Elzaki transformation. Precisely, we provide the details of implementing the suggested technique to investigate the fractional-order nonlinear models. Second, we test the efficiency and the validity of the technique on the fractional-order Navier-Stokes models. Then, we apply this new method to analyze the fractional-order nonlinear system of Navier-Stokes models. Finally, we provide 3-D graphical plots to support the impact of the fractional derivative acting on the behavior of the obtained profile solutions to the suggested models.

1. Introduction

The fractional-order Navier-Stokes equation (NSE) has been extensively analyzed. These equations model the fluid motion defined by several physical processes, such as the movement of blood, the ocean’s current, the flow of liquid in vessels, and the airflow around an aircraft’s arms [1–3]. The classical NSEs were generalized by El-Shahed and Salem [4] by replacing the first time derivative with a Caputo fractional derivative of order , where . Using Hankel transform, Fourier sine transform, and Laplace transform, the researchers achieved the exact solution for three different equations. In 2006, Momani and Odibat [5] solve fractional-order NSEs using the Adomian decomposition method. Ganji et al. [6] applied an analytical technique, the homotopy perturbation method, for solving the fractional-order NSEs in polar coordinates, and the results achieved were expressed in a closed form. Singh and Kumar [7] solved the fractional-order reduced differential transformation method (FRDTM) to achieve an approximated analytical result of fractional-order multidimensional NSE. Oliveira and Oliveira [8] analyzed the residual power series method (RPSM) to find the result of the nonlinear fractional-order two-dimensional NSEs. Zhang and Wang [9] suggested numerical analysis for a class of NSEs with fractional-order derivatives; Ravindran, the exact boundary controllability of Galerkin approximations of a Navier-Stokes system for soret convection [10]; and Cibik and Yilmaz, the Brezzi-Pitkaranta stabilization and a priori error analysis for the Stokes control [11].

Some researchers mix two powerful techniques to achieve another result technique to solve equations and systems of fractional-order NSEs. Below, we define some of these combinations: a combination of the Laplace transformation and Adomian decomposition method; Kumar et al. [12] introduced the homotopy perturbation transform method (HPTM), combined Laplace transformation with the homotopy perturbation method, and solved fractional-order NSEs in a tube. Jena and Chakraverty [13] implemented the homotopy perturbation transformation method (HPETM), and this technique consists in the mixture of Elzaki transformation technique and homotopy perturbation technique; Prakash et. al [1] suggested -homotopy analysis transformation technique to achieve a result of coupled fractional-order NSEs. This technique mixture of the Laplace transformation and residual power series method is defined: where is the Caputo derivative of order , is the velocity vector, is the time, is kinematics viscosity, is the pressure, and is the density.

In this work, we consider two special cases. First, we consider unsteady, one-dimensional motion of a viscous fluid in a tube. The fractional-order Navier-Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates that governs the flow field in the tube are given by with initial condition where and is a function depending only on .

Consider that the fractional-order two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is defined as with initial conditions where denote as constant density, time, and pressure, respectively. are the spatial components, and and are two functions depending only on and .

The residual power series method (RPSM) is a simple and efficient technique for constructing a power series result for extremely linear and nonlinear equations without perturbation, linearization, and discretization. Unlike the classical power series technique, the RPS approach does not need to compare the coefficients of the corresponding terms and a recursion relation is not required. This approach calculates the power series coefficients by a series of algebraic equations of one or more variables, and its reliance on derivation, which is much simpler and more precise than integration, which is the basis of most other solution approaches, is the main advantage of this methodology. This method is, in effect, an alternative strategy for obtaining theoretical results for the fractional-order partial differential equations [14].

The RPSM was introduced as an essential tool for assessing the power series solution’s values for the first and second-order fuzzy DEs [15]. It has been successfully implemented in the approximate result of the generalized Lane-Emden equation [16], which is a highly nonlinear singular DE, in the inaccurate work of higher-order regular DEs [17], in the solution of composite and noncomposite fractional-order DEs [18], in predicting and showing the diversity of results to the fractional-order boundary value equations [19], and in the numerical development of the nonlinear fractional-order KdV and Burgers equation [20], in addition to some other implementations [21–23], and recently, it has been applied to investigate the approximate result of a fractional-order two-component evolutionary scheme [24].

This paper introduces the modified analytical technique: the residual power series transform method (RPSTM) is implemented to investigate the fractional-order NS equations. The result of certain illustrative cases is discussed to explain the feasibility of the suggested method. The results of fractional-order models and integral-order models are defined by using the current techniques. The new approach has lower computing costs and higher rate convergence. The suggested method is also constructive for addressing other fractional orders of linear and nonlinear PDEs.

2. Preliminaries

Definition 1. The Abel-Riemann of fractional operator of order is given as [25–27] where and

Definition 2. The fractional-order Abel-Riemann integration operator is defined as [25–27] The operator of basic properties

Definition 3. The Caputo fractional operator of is defined as [25–27]

Definition 4. The fractional-order Caputo operator of Elzaki transform is given as [25–27]

Definition 5. A power series definition of the form [14] where and is called fractional power series (FPS) about , where are the constants called the coefficients of the series. If , then the fractional power series will be reduced to the fractional Maclaurin series.

Theorem 6. Assume that has a fractional power series representation at of the form [14] For , if are continuous on , then the coefficients can be written as where , and is the radius of convergence.

Definition 7. The expansion of power series of the form [14] is said to be multifractional power series at , where are the coefficients of multifractional power series.

Theorem 8. Let us assume that which has the multifractional power representation at can be written as [14] For , if are the continuous on , then the coefficients are given by where and .
So, we can write the fractional power expansion of of the form which is the generalized Taylor expansion. If we consider , then the generalized Taylor formula will be converted to classical Taylor series.

Corollary 9. Let us assume that has a multifractional power series representation about as [14] For if are continuous on , then where .

3. The Procedure of RPSTM

In this section, we explain the steps of RPSTM for solving the fractional-order partial differential equation with initial condition

First, we use the Elzaki transform to (21); we get

By the fact that and using the initial condition (22), we can write (23) as where

Second, we define the transform function as the following formula:

We write the th truncated series of (25) as

As stated in [25], the definition of Elzaki residual function to (25) is and the th Elzaki residual function of (27) is

Third, we expand a few of the properties arising in the basic RPSM to find out certain facts: (i) and for each (ii), ,

Furthermore, to evaluate the coefficient functions we can recursively solve the following scheme

Finally, we implemented the Elzaki inverse to to achieve the th approximate supportive solution .

4. Numerical Results

Example 1. Consider the time-fractional-order one-dimensional NS equation of the form Subject to the initial condition

Applying Elzaki transform to (31) and using the initial condition given in (32), we get

The th truncated term series of (33) is and the th Elzaki residual function is

Now, to determine , we substitute the th truncated series (34) into the th Elzaki residual function (35), multiply the resulting equation by , and then solve recursively the relation for . The following are the first several components of the series :

Putting the values of in (34), we get

Using inverse Elzaki transform to (38), we get

Putting , we have

In Figure 1, the RPSTM and the exact results of Example 1 at are shown by plots (a) and (b), respectively. From the given figures, it can be seen that both the exact and the EDM results are in close contact with each other. Also, in the Figure 2 subgraph, the RPSTM results of Example 1 are calculated at different fractional-order and . It is investigated that fractional-order problem results are convergent to an integer-order effect as fractional-order analysis to integer-order. The same phenomenon of convergence of fractional-order solutions towards integral-order solutions is observed.

Example 2. Consider the fractional-order one-dimensional NS equation of the form

Figure 1 

Graph of exact and analytical results of Problem 1.

Figure 2 

The fractional order of and of Problem 1.

Subject to the initial condition,

Applying Elzaki transform to (41) and using the initial condition given in (42), we get

The th truncated term series of (43) is and the th Elzaki residual function is

Now, to determine we substitute the th truncated series (44) into the th Elzaki residual function (45), multiply the resulting equation by , and then solve recursively the relation , for . The following are the first several components of the series :

Putting the values of in (44), we get

Using inverse Elzaki transform to (48), we get

Putting , we have

In Figure 3, the RPSTM and the exact results of Example 2 at are shown by graphs, respectively. From the given figures, it can be seen that both the exact and the EDM results are in close contact with each other. Also, in the Figure 4 subgraph, the RPSTM results of Example 2 are calculated at different fractional-order and . It is investigated that fractional-order problem results are convergent to an integer-order effect as fractional-order analysis to integer-order. The same phenomenon of convergence of fractional-order solutions towards integral-order solutions is observed.

Example 3. Consider the fractional-order two-dimensional NS equation of the form with initial condition

Figure 3 

Graph of exact and analytical results of Problem 2.

Figure 4 

The fractional order of and of Problem 2.

Applying Elzaki transform to (51) and using (52), we get