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Biodiesel from rice bran lipids: resource assessment and technological review

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Abstract

The biodiesel (BD) industry struggles to compete with petroleum diesel because of its high cost, primarily attributed to the costs of raw material and production. Rice bran (RB) is an oleaginous agro-industrial residue which has been of interest as a feedstock for BD production. Although RB has been found to be a potential resource for various products of commercial interest, its current bulk but limited utilization is either as a source of edible oil or as an ingredient of feeds. A key challenge in processing lipids from rice bran is its significant free fatty acid content but is not necessarily a setback when utilized for biodiesel production. Despite the perceived potential, the sheer number of published researches, and even patented processes, there has been no quantitative assessment of the resource availability, and no commercialized process reported. In this work, a localized resource assessment with biodiesel yield estimates has been conducted to identify priority areas for adapting rice bran for biodiesel production. As leading paddy rice producers, Southern, Eastern, and Southeastern Asian regions were found to have potential in adapting RB as a biodiesel feedstock. Alongside this, detailed technological comparisons were described in this review, from lipid extraction, reaction systems or schemes, reactants, catalysts, reactor configurations and strategies, to emerging and patented technologies with economical and scalable potential. In addition, opportunities in (RB) processing and related government policies, foreseen impacts on economics, social, and environmental aspects, as well as existing challenges, were identified and discussed for future prospects and developments.

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Acknowledgements

Authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, for the financial support provided through the research grant MOST 108-2218-E-011-032-MY3. Also, A. W. G. would like to thank the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology for the teaching and research start-up support and grant (109O210007/109O410307) provided for 2019–2021 to organize the research group involved and provided part of the needed facility.

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Author notes

  1. Alchris Woo Go and Kristelle L. Quijote contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, 10607, Taipei City, Da’an District, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Alchris Woo Go, Yi-Hsu Ju & Artik Elisa Angkawijaya

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, 10607, Taipei City, Da’an District, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Kristelle L. Quijote, Ramelito C. Agapay & Yi-Hsu Ju

  3. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of San Carlos – Talamaban Campus, Gov. Cuenco Avenue, Nasipit Talamban, 6000, Cebu City, Philippines

    Ramelito C. Agapay

  4. Taiwan Building Technology Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, 10607, Taipei City, Da’an District, Taipei City, Taiwan

    Yi-Hsu Ju

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, Widya Mandala Surabaya Catholic University, Kalijudan 37, Surabaya, 60114, Indonesia

    Shella Permatasari Santoso

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Contributions

Alchris Woo Go—writing original draft, writing-review and editing, supervision, project administration, formal analysis, funding acquisition, conceptualization, methodology, visualization.

Kristelle L. Quijote—writing original draft, writing-review and editing, formal analysis, conceptualization, methodology, visualization.

Ramelito C. Agapay—writing original draft, writing-review and editing, formal analysis.

Yi-Hsu Ju—writing-review and editing, conceptualization, resources, supervision.

Artik Elisa Angkawijaya—writing-review and editing, resources.

Shella Permatasari Santoso—writing-review and editing.

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Correspondence to Alchris Woo Go.

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Go, A.W., Quijote, K.L., Agapay, R.C. et al. Biodiesel from rice bran lipids: resource assessment and technological review. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 3475–3519 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01371-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01371-7

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