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Estimation of genetic parameters associated with frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and cacao production in Mexico

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Abstract

Genetic parameters were estimated for frosty pod rot resistance and yield components in cacao using a linear mixed model approach (restricted maximum likelihood and best linear unbiased prediction). Two progeny trials established in the Rosario Izapa Experimental Field of the INIFAP in Chiapas, Mexico, were evaluated for frosty pod rot incidence and yield components, including the number of pods per tree, bean dry weight per tree, number of beans per pod, bean dry weight per pod, seed index, and pod index, for 4 years. Genetic correlations, age-age correlations, and heritabilities were estimated. The narrow-sense heritability for frosty pod rot resistance was 0.46, and for the yield components, it ranged from 0.14 to 0.99. Backward selection, using UF-273 and Pa-169 as parents for new combinations, resulted in a reduction from −36.54 to −29.05% in frosty pod rot, respectively. The genetic correlations between bean dry weight per tree and frosty pod rot, number of pods per tree, number of beans per pod and pod index were −0.72, 0.89, 0.25, and 0.40, respectively (all significant at p < 0.01). Age-age correlations and heritabilities from data subsets indicated that the first 2 years of evaluation and evaluating for only two specific months (August to September) in the year should result almost in the same genetic estimates as using all 4 years data, for key traits, including frosty pod rot resistance, reducing the costs, and accelerating breeding decisions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Rosario Izapa Experimental Field (CERI) team for the data collection and phenotyping the trials. The technical support from Francisco Javier Rodriguez Ordoñez in the field trials and his phenotyping work is highly acknowledged. The authors thank Luiz Roberto Martins Pinto (UESC/DCET, Brazil), Augusto Roberto Sena Gomes and Raul Rene Melendez Valle (CEPLAC/CEPEC, Brazil) for reviewing the article, who provided helpful comments to our work; and to an anonymous reviewer for pointing us the potential impact of disease losses on the heritability estimates.

Funding

Gratitude to Nestlé de México for their valuable support and funding this study since 2008 thru to 2012 (grant no.749-08-A3). To the Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Chiapas (COCyTECH) and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for also funding the Project from 2011 to 2012 (project no. CHIS-2010-C10-148689). To the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) for their interest and support for the development of this research in Mexico (Projects no. 260075M and 2077067A). To the Program of Partnerships for Education and Training (PAEC) between the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Coimbra Group of Brazilian Universities (GCUB) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level Personnel (CAPES), for supporting the first author with a grant aid during doctoral program. KPG was supported by a Productivity grant from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).

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Author notes

  1. Uilson Vanderlei Lopes and Karina Peres Gramacho contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), km 16, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil

    José Luis Solís Bonilla & Karina Peres Gramacho

  2. Seção de Fitossanidade/Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (SEFIT-FITOMOL), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), km 22, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil

    José Luis Solís Bonilla & Karina Peres Gramacho

  3. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa (CERI), km 18, Carretera Tapachula-Cacahoatán, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, 30870, México

    José Luis Solís Bonilla, Biaani Beeu Martínez Valencia & Carlos Hugo Avendaño Arrazate

  4. Seção de Genética e Biotecnologia (SEGEB), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), km 22, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil

    Uilson Vanderlei Lopes

  5. Secretaría de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural (SADER), Municipio Libre 377, Santa Cruz Atoyac, Ciudad de México, 03310, México

    Alfredo Zamarripa Colmenero

Authors
  1. José Luis Solís Bonilla
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  2. Uilson Vanderlei Lopes
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Contributions

JLSB and UVL analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript, and all co-authors contributed and approved the final draft of the manuscript. JLSB, UVL, and KPG designed the analysis of trials and discussed the results. JLSB, AZC, and BBMV conducted all phenotyping activities. JLSB, AZC, and CHAA conducted the field trials. KPG and UVL were responsible for the of advising JLSB.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to José Luis Solís Bonilla or Karina Peres Gramacho.

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Data archiving statement

The data and materials supporting the conclusions of this article are also included within the article, and its additional files are available at the DRYAD data portal (https://datadryad.org/stash) where they can be freely retrieved under the link: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vt8q. The website contains links to download the pedigree of trees including two trials, phenotypic data associated with frosty pod rot and cacao production in Tuxtla Chico.

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Bonilla, J.L.S., Lopes, U.V., Colmenero, A.Z. et al. Estimation of genetic parameters associated with frosty pod rot (Moniliophthora roreri) and cacao production in Mexico. Tree Genetics & Genomes 17, 24 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01498-8

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