Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults

  • Technical Papers
  • Published:
Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Severe faults have caused many earthquakes around the world throughout history. More recently, earthquakes have occurred in Taiwan, China (Chi-Chi fault), and elsewhere, causing loss of lives and destroying many buildings and structures. These tectonic movements have gained attention from engineers, and in the past 15 years, the focus has been on faulting mechanisms. In this study, a physical model (1 g) was fabricated and used to evaluate the impact of a reverse fault in a field with a tunnel. In the 1 g model, researchers installed additional gauges on the tunnel, so that all the displacements could be adjusted, and all the responses could be monitored during faulting. An experimental study of various soil properties (cohesion and friction angles) in reverse faults on the tunnel lining were carried out and are described herein. A comparison of results for different levels of soil cohesion revealed that it can dramatically reduce the displacement by as much as 40%, and that friction angles of 27° can record approximately 60% more displacements than at 37°. Furthermore, a comparison of fault angles of 30° and 60° indicates that the displacements can be different by more than 43% in cohesionless soil and about 64% for a friction angle of 27°.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alshameri B, Bakar I, Madun A, Abdeldjouad L and Dahlan SH (2016), “Effect of Coarse Materials Percentage in the Shear Strength,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 136(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/136/1/012017

  • Anastasopoulos I, Callerio A, Bransby MF, Davies MCR, El Nahas A, Faccioli E and Rossignol E (2008a), “Numerical Analyses of Fault-Foundation Interaction,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6(4): 645–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-008-9078-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasopoulos I, Gerolymos N, Gazetas G and Bransby MF (2008b), “Simplified Approach for Design of Raft Foundations Against Fault Rupture. Part I: Free-Field,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 7(2): 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-008-0835-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasopoulos I, Gazetas G, Asce M, Bransby MF, Davies MCR and El Nahas A (2007), “Fault Rupture Propagation Through Sand: Finite-Element Analysis and Validation through Centrifuge Experiments,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, (August), 943–958.

  • Anastasopoulos I and Gazetas G (2010), “Analysis of Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Against Large Tectonic Deformation,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 8(2): 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9135-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasopoulos I, Gerolymos N, Drosos V, Georgarakos T, Kourkoulis R and Gazetas G (2008c), “Behaviour of Deep Immersed Tunnel Under Combined Normal Fault Rupture Deformation and Subsequent Seismic Shaking,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6(2): 213–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-007-9055-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baziar MH, Nabizadeh A, Jung Lee C and Yi Hung W (2014), “Centrifuge Modeling of Interaction Between Reverse Faulting and Tunnel,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65: 151–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bray JD, Seed RB, Cluff LS and Seed HB (1990), “Earthquake Fault Rupture Propagation Through Soil,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 16(2): 543–561. https://doi.org/10.2118/72060-PA

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai QP, Hu P, Laak PV, Ng CWW, and Chiu ACF (2010a), “Investigation of Boundary Conditions for Simulating Normal Fault Propagation in Centrifuge,” The 4th International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering and Soil Mechanics, 614: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai QP, Hu P, Van Laak P, Ng CWW and Chiu ACF (2010b), “Investigation of Boundary Conditions for Simulating Normal Fault Propagation in Centrifuge,” Int. Conf. on Geot. Engg., 614: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole D and Lade PV (1984), “Influence Zones in Alluvium over Dip-Slip Faults,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 110(5): 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1984)110:5(599)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dönmez C and Pujol S (2005), “Spatial Distribution of Damage Caused by the 1999 Earthquakes in Turkey,” Earthquake Spectra, 21(1): 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1850527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fadaee M, Jafari MK, Kamalian M, Shafiee A and Moosavi SM (2013), “Feasibility Study of Fault Rupture Deviation by Slurry Wall,” International Journal of Civil Engineering, 11(2B): 90–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetas G and Anastasopoulos I (2003), Interaction of Foundations with a Rupturing Fault: Case Histories from Gölcük 1999, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazetas G, Anastasopoulos I and Apostolou M (2007), “Chapter 9 Shallow and Deep Foundations under Fault Rupture or Strong Seismic Shaking,” Earthquake, 185–215.

  • Hashemi M, Alesheikh AA and Zolfaghari MR (2017), “A GIS-Based Time-Dependent Seismic Source Modeling of Northern Iran,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 16(1): 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-017-0366-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson J and Konagai K (2007), “Fault Induced Permanent Ground Deformations: Experimental Verification of Wet and Dry Soil, Numerical Findings’ Relation to Field Observations of Tunnel Damage and Implications for Design,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 27(10): 938–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.01.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelson KI, Kang KH, Page WD, Lee CT and Cluff LS (2001), “Representative Styles of Deformation Along the Chelungpu Fault from the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) Earthquake: Geomorphic Characteristics and Responses of Man-Made Structures,” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 91(5): 930–952. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiani M, Akhlaghi T and Ghalandarzadeh A (2016), “Experimental Modeling of Segmental Shallow Tunnels in Alluvial Affected by Normal Faults,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 51: 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kolbuzewski J (1948), “An Experimental Study on the Maximum and Minimum Porosities of Sand,” In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 158–165.

  • Lekshmy PR and Raghukanth STG (2019), “Stochastic Earthquake Source Model for Ground Motion Simulation,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18(1): 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0487-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin ML, Chung CF, Jeng FS and Yao TC (2007), “The Deformation of Overburden Soil Induced by Thrust Faulting and Its Impact on Underground Tunnels,” Engineering Geology, 92(3–4): 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.03.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Li X, Sang Y and Lin L (2015), “Experimental Study on Normal Fault Rupture Propagation in Loose Strata and Its Impact on Mountain Tunnels,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 49: 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2015.05.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammed SM (2015), “The Effect of Granular Material on Behaviour of Stone Columns in Soft Clay Under Embankment,” Eng. and Tech. Journal, 33(9): 2212–2219. Retrieved from internal-pdf://118.201.166.238/ The Effect of Granular Material on Behaviour o.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Norsyahariati NDN, Hui KR and Juliana AGA (2016), “The Effect of Soil Particle Arrangement on Shear Strength Behavior of Silty Sand,” MATEC Web of Conferences, 47: 03022. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164703022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rokonuzzaman M, Sakai T, Nahas E and Hossain Z (2014), “Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model for the Interaction of Dip-Slip Normal Fault Ruptures Sand Deposits, and Raft Foundations,” International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 9(3): 239–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taniyama H and Watanabe H (1998), “Deformation of Sandy Deposit by Reverse Faulting,” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, Proc. 12th WCEE (2209, 1–7). Tokyo: Mc Graw Hill, CD, code. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1998.591_313

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao JS, Tao XX, Shi LJ and Wang HY (2006), “An Approach to Evaluate Ground Surface Rupture Caused by Reverse Fault Movement,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 5(1): 29–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J and Liang J (2020), “Soil Pressure and Pore Pressure for Seismic Design of Tunnels Revisited: Considering Water-Saturated, Poroelastic Half-Space,” Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 19(1): 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0545-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zidan AF and Ramadan OMO (2015), “Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Tunnelling Near Piled Structures,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 19(4): 917–928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-014-0741-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

The authors are grateful for the GP-IPS grant from UPM that supported this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Seri Kembangan, 43400, Malaysia

    Mehdi Ghafari, Haslinda Nahazanan & Zainuddin Md Yusoff

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, 65719, Iran

    Vahed Ghiasi

Authors
  1. Mehdi Ghafari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Haslinda Nahazanan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Zainuddin Md Yusoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vahed Ghiasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vahed Ghiasi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ghafari, M., Nahazanan, H., Yusoff, Z.M. et al. Effect of soil cohesion and friction angles on reverse faults. Earthq. Eng. Eng. Vib. 20, 329–334 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-021-2023-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-021-2023-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation