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Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Modified Chitosan Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities

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Abstract

Chitosan is a very well-known biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide consisting of β-(1–4)-linked glucosamine units, derived from the deacetylation of chitin. This unique biopolymer consists of primary amines as well as hydrophilic hydroxyl groups along with the chitosan backbone and has exceptional properties and wide applications. Numerous articles have been devoted to the preparation and properties of chitosan-based biomaterials, which have been demonstrated as beads, films, fibers (2D-scaffolds), gels, sponges (3D-scaffolds), and wound-healing materials. The unusual adsorption capacity of chitosan cross-linked polymer is demonstrated by trapping cations, anions, organic dyes, and pharmaceutical ingredients from wastewater. The most striking manifestations of flexibility in the preparation of these adsorbents have been critically reviewed, and their sorption efficiencies compared. Notably, these materials are also used as drug delivery carriers. Further, various metal-loaded chitosan-based nanocomposite materials have been used efficiently in organic catalytic reactions. As per the rich literature survey, such chitosan-based materials warrant further research due to their abundance, eco-friendliness, and effectiveness towards commercialization. The biotechnological aspects of chitosan may lead to promising low-cost materials and by-products of industrial and agricultural significance. The constant demand for potential adsorbents for the removal of pollutants, can be met by fine-tuning the structural properties of chitosan with appropriate cross-linkers or additives.

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Abbreviations

TPP:

Tripolyphosphate

GLA:

Glutaraldehyde

ECH:

Epichlorohydrin

EGDE:

Glycol diglycidyl ether

MTPCS:

Magnetic chitosan adsorbent

PMAm:

Poly(methacrylamide)

CS:

Chitosan

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

DTPA:

Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid

ELP:

Electroless plating solutions

NMCFs:

Magnetic chitosan flakes coated Fe3O4 micro-particles

MCFs-EDTANa2 :

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic-disodium

TCCS:

Thiocarbohydrazide-modified chitosan

DAP:

Diammonium phosphate

DMC:

Diammonium phosphate-modified chitosan

MB:

Methylene blue

SaO:

Safranin O

Tart:

Tartrazine

GCC:

Glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan

IC:

Indigo carmine

QCS:

Quaternary chitosan salt

AB 25:

Acid blue 25

AR 37:

Acid red 37

BBR250:

Brilliant blue R250

RB5:

Reactive black 5

BCCT:

β-Chitosan cross-linked with triethylenetetramine

RB221:

Reactive blue 221

CS-PDA:

Polydopamine-modified-chitosan

AA:

Acrylic acid

VPA:

Vinylphosphonic acid

CV:

Crystal violet

BAL:

2,2′-(Butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy))dibenzaldehyde

RR239:

Reactive red 239

RR120:

Reactive red 120

MO:

Methyl orange

RB5:

Reactive black 5

CC:

Corn cob

IPN:

Interpenetrating polymer networks

BSA:

Bovine serum albumin

AFB1:

Aflatoxin B1

OTA:

Ochratoxin A

ZEN:

Zearalenone

FB1:

Fumonisin B1

DON:

Deoxynivalenol

MWCNT:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube

SCCRs:

Sulfonatedcross-linked chitosan resins

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

PMAA:

Polymethacrylic acid

CCTS:

Cross-linked chitosan

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Acknowledgments

We are thankful to VIT-Vellore for encouragement and VIT-RGEMS for the financial support to carry out the research work on the synthesis and applications of biopolymers.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India

    T. Boominathan & Akella Sivaramakrishna

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Boominathan, T., Sivaramakrishna, A. Recent Advances in the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Modified Chitosan Derivatives: Challenges and Opportunities. Top Curr Chem (Z) 379, 19 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-021-00331-z

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