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Trace gases and PM2.5-bound metal abundance over a tropical urban environment, South India

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Abstract

Pre and Post-Monsoon levels of ambient SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and the trace metals Fe, Cu, etc. were measured at industrial and residential regions of the Kochi urban area in South India for a period of two years. The mean PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 concentrations across all sites were 38.98 ± 1.38 µg/m3, 2.78 ± 0.85 µg/m3 and 11.90 ± 4.68 µg/m3 respectively, which is lower than many other Indian cities. There was little difference in any on the measured species between the seasons. A few sites exceeded the NAAQS (define acronym and state standard) and most of the sites exceeded WHO (define acronym and state standard) standard for PM2.5. The average trace metal concentrations (ng/m3) were found to be Fe (32.58) > Zn (31.93) > Ni (10.13) > Cr (5.48) > Pb (5.37) > Cu (3.24). The maximum concentration of trace metals except Pb were reported in industrial areas. The enrichment factor, of metals relative to crustal material, indicated anthropogenic dominance over natural sources for the trace metal concentration in Kochi’s atmosphere. This work demonstrates the importance of air quality monitoring in this area.

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Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST-PURSE & FIST programmes) and the research fellowship from the Directorate of Environment and Climate Change, Government of Kerala.

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  1. School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India

    Abdul Shukkur M, Gopikrishna V.G, Vishnu N.G & Mahesh Mohan

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M, A.S., V.G, G., N.G, V. et al. Trace gases and PM2.5-bound metal abundance over a tropical urban environment, South India. J Atmos Chem 78, 193–208 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-021-09420-1

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