Abstract
Major studies of the Black Sea algal viruses in Russia have been conducted at scientific institutes located in the city of Sevastopol. A review of the methodological approaches used during 2002–2019 shows that both classical virological methods and methods that were recently developed and patented (among them those by the authors) are applicable to the search for, isolation, and study of algal viruses. The study of samples of clinical material and material of aquatic organisms, as well as model experiments, including those using a unique laboratory apparatus and a test stand, revealed new data on the biology and ecology of marine viruses. Based on the results from these studies, it was proposed to use algal viruses monitoring as a component in aquatic environment monitoring, in which algal viruses are considered as biological indicators and/or markers.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Aleksandrov, V.V., Elektrofizika presnykh vod (Electrophysics of Fresh Waters), Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985.
Stepanova, O.A., UA Declaration patent 65864A UA, MKU 7 C12 N 1/12, Promyslova Vlasnist’: Ofitsiynyi Byull., 2004, no. 4.
Drucker, V.V. and Dutova, N.V., Study of the morphological diversity of bacteriophages in Lake Baikal, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2006, vol. 410, no. 1, pp. 421–423.
Drucker, V.V. and Dutova, N.V., Bacteriophages as a new trophic link in the ecosystem of the deep-water Lake Baikal, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2009, vol. 427, pp. 339–342.
Drucker, V.V., Dutova, N.V., Kovadlo, A.S., et al., Virological and bacteriological monitoring of the ecosystem of the oligotrophic Lake Baikal, in Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Problemy ustoichivogo funktsionirovaniya vodnykh i nazemnykh ekosistem” (Rostov-na-Donu, 9–12 oktyabrya 2006 g.) (Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. “Problems of Sustainable Functioning of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems”, Rostov-on-Don, October 9–12, 2006), Rostov-on-Don: Rostov. Gos. Univ., 2006, pp. 118–121.
Drucker, V.V., Dutova, N.V., Kovadlo, A.S., and Kostornova, T.Ya., Size structure, seasonal dynamics and vertical distribution of bacteriophages of Lake Baikal, Izv. Irkutsk. Gos. Univ., Nauki Zemle, 2008, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 189−197.
Drucker, V.V., Dutova, N.V., and Kovadlo, A.S., Virioplankton and bacterioplankton of the high-mountain Lake Hovsgol (Mongolia), Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2011, vol. 440, pp. 293–296.
Dutova, N.V. and Drucker, V.V., Morphological and dimensional characteristics of viruses of Lake Baikal, Gidrobiol. Zh., 2009, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 82–89.
Dutova, N.V. and Drucker, V.V., Viral community of biofilms forming on different substrates under natural conditions of Lake Baikal, Dokl. Biol. Sci., 2013, vol. 451, no. 1, pp. 238–240.
Kopylov, A.I., The role of viruses in structure and functioning of microbial communities in freshwater ecosystems, Zh. Sib. Fed. Univ., Biol., 2013, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 354–367.
Kopylov, A.I., Kosolapov, D.B., and Zabotkina, E.A., Viruses in the plankton of the Rybinsk Reservoir, Microbiology, 2007, vol. 76, no. 6, pp. 782–790.
Kopylov, A.I., Kosolapov, D.B., and Zabotkina, E.A., Distribution of viruses and their impact on bacterioplankton in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs, Inland Water Biol., 2008, vol. 1, pp. 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12212-008-1008-z
Kopylov, A.I., Kosolapov, D.B., Zabotkina, E.A., and Straskrabova, V., Distribution of picocyanobacteria and virioplankton in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs: the role of viruses in mortality of picocyanobacteria, Biol. Bull., 2010, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359010060038
Kopylov, A.I., Kosolapov, D.B., and Zabotkina, E.A., Virus impact on heterotrophic bacterioplankton of water reservoirs, Microbiology, 2011, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 228–236.
Latushkin, A.A., Multichannel light attenuation coefficient meter for oceanographic subsatellite studies, in Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii “Sovremennye tekhnologii proektirovaniya upravlyayushchikh i mekhatronnykh system” (Sevastopol, 16–19 aprelya 2013 g.) (Proc. Int. Sci. Conf. “Modern Technologies for the Design of Control and Mechatronic Systems”, Sevastopol, April 16–19, 2013), Sevastopol: Sevastop. Nats. Tekh. Univ., 2013, pp. 231–236.
Likhoshvai, E.V., There are viruses in every drop of water, Nauka Pervykh Ruk, 2016, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 88–94.
Stepanova, O.A., UA Patent 97293 C2 UA, IPC C12N 1/12, Promyslova Vlasnist’: Ofitsiynyi Byull., 2012, no. 2, pp. 3−91.
Stelmakh, L.V. and Stepanova, O.A., Influence of virus infection on the growth of green algae Tetraselmis viridis in culture, Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2019, vol. 36, pp. 93–99.
Stepanova, O.A., Marine bacteria and viruses in the water and bottom sediments of Sevastopol bays, Russ. J. Ecol., 2001, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 56–57.
Stepanova, O.A., Ekologiya allokhtonnykh i avtokhtonnykh virusov Chernogo morya (Ecology of Allochthonous and Autochthonous Viruses in the Black Sea), Sevastopol: Mir, 2004.
Stepanova, O.A., Some information about virioplankton and its individual members, Usp. Sovrem. Biol., 2005, vol. 125, no. 6, pp. 543–555.
Stepanova, O.A., Seasonality of fish contamination with algal viruses (Black Sea), in Materialy mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii “Problemy immunologii, patologii i okhrany zdorov’ya ryb i drugikh gidrobiontov” (Borok, 17–20 iyulya 2007 g.) (Proc. Int. Sci.-Pract. Conf. “Problems of Immunology, Pathology and Health Protection of Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms”, Borok, July 17–20, 2007), Moscow: Rossel’khozakademiya, 2007, pp. 273–277.
Stepanova, O.A., Black Sea algal viruses, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2016, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 123–127.
Stepanova, O.A., The interaction between algal viruses and the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) in experiments, Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2017, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 127–131.
Stepanova, O.A., Results of search for algal viruses—a reflection of the geographical distribution of microalgae, in Sbornik statei po materialam nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem “Ekologicheskaya, promyshlennaya i energeticheskaya bezopasnost—2017” (Sevastopol, 11–15 sentyabrya 2017 g.) (Collect. Pap. Proc. Sci.-Pract. Conf. Int. Participation “Environmental, Industrial and Energy Security—2017”, Sevastopol, September 11−15, 2017), Sevastopol: Sevastop. Gos. Univ., 2017, pp. 1284−1288.
Stepanova, O.A., Response reactions of hydrosphere viruses and their one-cellular hosts to environmental factors, Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2018, vol. 32, pp. 99–108.
Stepanova, O.A., Monitoring results of the Black Sea algal viruses from the bays of Sevastopol and other Crimean bays (2002–2018), Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2018, vol. 34, pp. 122–127.
Stepanova, O.A., Monitoring of algal viruses of indicators to environmental situation microalgaes Tetraselmis viridis and Phaeodactylum tricornutum in Sevastopol bays (2002–2018), Uch. Zap. Krym. Fed. Univ. im. V.I. Vernadskogo: Biol., Khim., 2018, vol. 4(70), no. 3, pp. 174–181.
Stepanova, O.A., Boyko, A.L., Gordienko, A.I., et al., Characterization of virus of Tetraselmis viridis Norris (Chlorophyta, Prasinophyceae), Dokl. Nats. Akad. Nauk Ukr., 2005, no. 1, pp. 158–162.
Stepanova, O.A., Boyko, A.L., and Shcherbatenko, I.S., Computational genome analysis of three marine algoviruses, Mikrobiol. Zh., 2013, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 76–81.
Stepanova, O.A. and Gaisky, P.V., Dynamics of changes in electric conductivity of marine water under influence of biotic component in experimental conditions, Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2018, vol. 31, pp. 48–56.
Stepanova, O.A., Gaisky, P.V., and Sholar, S.A., Influence of viral lysis on some physical parameters of marine water under experiment, Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2018, vol. 33, pp. 19–28.
Stepanova, O.A. and Galatonova, O.A., Identification of the species of microalga using an algal virus, in Materialy II vserossiiskoi konferentsii “Vodorosli: problemy taksonomii, ekologii i ispol’zovaniye v monitoringe” (Syktyvkar, 5−9 oktyabrya 2009 g.) (Proc. II All-Russ. Conf. “Algae: Problems of Taxonomy, Ecology and Application in Monitoring”, Syktyvkar, October 5−9, 2009), Syktyvkar: Inst. Biol., Komi Nauchn. Tsentr, Ural. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2009, pp. 33–34.
Stepanova, O.A., Klimchuk, D.A., and Novichenko, V.N., First isolation of the Dunaliella viridis Teod. (Chlorophyta) virus from the Black Sea environment, Dokl. Nats. Akad. Nauk Ukr., 2009, no. 11, pp. 165–168.
Stepanova, O.A. and Kuzminova, N.S., Marine fish contamination by algal viruses, Rybn. Khoz. Ukr., 2006, no. 1, pp. 26–27.
Stepanova, O.A. and Stelmakh, L.V., Search and isolation of the new algal virus of algae Tisochrysis lutea from the ecosystem of the bays of Sevastopol (the Crimean region), Ekosistemy, 2017, no. 12(42), pp. 28–34.
Sholar, S.A. and Stepanova, O.A., Isolation of algal viruses from the Black Sea environment near the coast of Sevastopol (2002–2010), in Materialy XIV shkoly-konferentsii molodykh uchenykh “Biologiya vnutrennikh vod” (Borok, 26–30 oktyabrya 2010 g.) (Proc. XIV School Conf. Young Sci. “Biology of Inland Waters”, Borok, October 26–30, 2010), Yaroslavl: Printkhaus, 2010, pp. 183−190.
Sholar, S.A. and Stepanova, O.A., The results of change in the optical properties of the marine environment in a simulation experiment on microprocess—viral lysis during contact of microalgae with algal viruses, in Sbornik materialov XXV Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii “Informatsionnye Sistemy i Tekhnologii—2019”, Nizhniy Novgorod, 19 aprelya 2019 g. (Collect. Pap. XXV Int. Sci. Tech. Conf. “Information Systems and Technologies—2019”, Nizhniy Novgorod, April 19, 2019), Nizhniy Novgorod: Nizhegorod. Gos. Tekh. Univ., 2019, pp. 901–907.
Sholar, S.A., Stepanova, O.A., and Stelmakh, L.V., The use of experimental laboratory stand for the study of optical properties of the aquatic medium in the presence of microbiota, Sist. Kontrolya Okruzh. Sredy, 2019, vol. 36, pp. 13–21.
Balch, W.M., Vaughn, M., Jr., Novotny, J.F., et al., Fundamental changes in light scattering associated with infection of marine bacteria by bacteriophage, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2002, no. 47, pp. 1554–1561.
Coy, S.R., Gann, E.R., Pound, H.L., et al., Viruses of eukaryotic algae: diversity, methods for detection, and future directions, Viruses, 2018, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 487–514.
Henn, M.R., Sullivan, M.B., Stange-Thomann, N., et al., Analysis of high-throughput sequencing and annotation strategies for phage genomes, PLoS One, 2010, vol. 5, no. 2, art. ID e9083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009083
IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO, The International Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater – 2010: Calculation and Use of Thermodynamic Properties, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Manuals and Guides, no. 56, Paris: UNESCO, 2010.
Manual of Aquatic Viral Ecology, Wilhelm, S.W., Weinbauer, M.G., and Suttle, C.A., Eds., Waco, Texas: Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr., 2010.
Middelboe, M. and Brussaard, C., Marine viruses: key players in marine ecosystems, Viruses, 2017, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 302–308.
Organelli, E., Claustre, H., Bricaud, A., et al., Bio-optical anomalies in the world’s oceans: an investigation on the diffuse attenuation coefficients for downward irradiance derived from Biogeochemical Argo float measurements, J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans, 2017, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 3543–3564.
Pagarete, A., Grébert, T., Stepanova, O., et al., Tsv-N1: a novel DNA algal virus that infects Tetraselmis striata, Viruses, 2015, vol. 7, pp. 3937−3953.
Proposal for SCOR WG to investigate the role of viruses in marine ecosystems, Proc. Sci. Comm. Oceanic Res. (Venice, Italy, Sept. 2004), Baltimore, Md., USA, 2005, vol. 40, annex 4, pp. 66–70.
Shcherbatenko, I.S., Graphical visualization of the biologically significant segments in the sequence sets of the relative plant viruses, Mikrobiol. Zh., 2012, vol. 74, no. 5, pp. 108–115.
Simis, S.G.H., Tijdens, M., Hoogveld, H.L., et al., Optical changes associated with cyanobacterial bloom termination by viral lysis, J. Plankton Res., 2005, vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 937–949.
Simis, S.G.H., Tijdens, M., Hoogveld, H.L., et al., Optical signatures of the filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya boryana during mass viral lysis, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2007, no. 52, pp. 184–197.
Stepanova, O.A., Influence of a tetranucleotide, CGCG, on marine algal viruses, Ukr. Bioorg. Acta, 2005, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 25–27.
Stepanova, O.A., Heat production of marine algae viruses contact with microseaweed, XIV Conf. ISBC, Sopot, Poland, 2–6 June, 2006, pp. 59−60.
Stepanova, O., Search, Isolation and Study of Black Sea Algal Viruses 2002–2013: New Facts and Hypotheses, Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Acad. Publ., 2014.
Stepanova, O.A., Shaida, V.G., and Boyko, A.L., Study of heat production of interaction between DNA and viruses in vitro, in A Year after Johannesburg: Ocean Governance and Sustainable Development: Ocean and Coasts—A Glimpse into the Future, Kiev, October 27−30, 2003, pp. 125−126.
Stepanova, O.A., Solovyova, Y.A., and Solovyov, A.V., Results of algae viruses search in human clinical material, Ukr. Bioorg. Acta, 2011, no. 2, pp. 53–56.
Suttle, C.A., Marine viruses – major players in the global ecosystem, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 2007, no. 5, pp. 801–812.
Uitz, J., Stramski, D., Baudoux, A.C., et al., Variations in the optical properties of a particle suspension associated with viral infection of marine bacteria, Limnol. Oceanogr., 2010, no. 55, pp. 2317–2330.
Viruses of Microorganisms, Poole, UK: Caister Academic Press, 2018.
Wommack, K.E. and Colwell, R.R., Virioplankton: viruses in aquatic ecosystems, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 2000, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 69–114.
Yolken, R.H., Jones-Brando, L., Dunigan, D.D., et al., Chlorovirus ATCV-1 is part of the human oropharyngeal virome and is associated with changes in cognitive functions in humans and mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 2014, vol. 111, no. 45, pp. 16106–16111.
Funding
This work was performed in accordance with State assignment and supported under the Institute of Natural and Technical Systems project no. 0012-2019-0003 Development of New Means and Measuring Information Technologies for Study of Natural Waters and the Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, project no. 0827-2019-0002.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Translated by T. Koznova
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Stepanova, O.A., Gaisky, P.V. & Sholar, S.A. Materials, Methods, and Experiments in the Study of Black Sea Algal Viruses. Russ J Mar Biol 47, 10–18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074021010090
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063074021010090