Effects of Pressure on Microstructure and Residual Stresses during Hot Isostatic Pressing Post Treatment of AISI M50 Produced by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Production
2.2. Thermodynamic Calculation
2.3. Post Treatment
2.4. Dilatometry
2.5. Microstructure
2.6. Residual Stress Measurement
3. Results
3.1. Porosity
3.2. Microstructure Evolution
3.3. Parent Austenite Reconstruction
3.4. Residual Stresses
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of LPBF Preheating Temperature on Microstructure
4.2. Effects of HIP with Integrated with Quenching
4.3. Residual Stresses
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Sames, W.J.; List, F.A.; Pannala, S.; Dehoff, R.R.; Babu, S.S. The metallurgy and processing science of metal additive manufacturing. Int. Mater. Rev. 2016, 61, 315–360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Frazier, W.E. Metal Additive Manufacturing: A Review. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 2014, 23, 1917–1928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casati, R.; Coduri, M.; Lecis, N.; Andrianopoli, C.; Vedani, M. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of hot-work tool steels processed by Selective Laser Melting. Mater. Charact. 2018, 137, 50–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mercelis, P.; Kruth, J. Residual stresses in selective laser sintering and selective laser melting. Rapid Prototyp. J. 2006, 12, 254–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, J.J.; Zheng, D.L.; Li, H.X.; Jia, X.; Sun, J.F.; Li, Y.L.; Qian, M.; Yan, M. Selective laser melting of H13: Microstructure and residual stress. J. Mater. Sci. 2017, 52, 12476–12485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.; Liu, Z.; Fang, X.; Guo, Y. Residual Stress in Metal Additive Manufacturing. Procedia CIRP 2018, 71, 348–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shiomi, M.; Osakada, K.; Nakamura, K.; Yamashita, T.; Abe, F. Residual Stress within Metallic Model Made by Selective Laser Melting Process. CIRP Ann. 2004, 53, 195–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soomro, A.B. The Generation of Thermal Stress and Strain during Quenching. Ph.D. Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Herzog, D.; Seyda, V.; Wycisk, E.; Emmelmann, C. Additive manufacturing of metals. Acta Mater. 2016, 117, 371–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yap, C.Y.; Chua, C.K.; Dong, Z.; Liu, Z.H.; Zhang, D.Q.; Loh, L.E.; Sing, S.L. Review of selective laser melting: Materials and applications. Appl. Phys. Rev. 2015, 2, 041101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Essa, F.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, X.; Ibrahim, A.M.M.; Ali, M.K.A.; Sharshir, S. Enhancing the tribological and mechanical properties of M50 steel using solid lubricants—A detailed review. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J J. Eng. Tribol. 2017, 232, 619–642. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridge, J.E.; Maniar, G.N.; Philip, T.V. Carbides in M-50 high speed steel. Met. Mater. Trans. A 1971, 2, 2209–2214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iqbal, A.; Baig, M.S. Heat Treatment Response of Triple and Quintuple Tempered M50 High Speed Steel. Eur. J. Sci. Res. 2017, 17, 150–159. [Google Scholar]
- Saewe, J.; Gayer, C.; Vogelpoth, A.; Schleifenbaum, J.H. Feasability Investigation for Laser Powder Bed Fusion of High-Speed Steel AISI M50 with Base Preheating System. BHM Berg. Hüttenmännische Mon. 2019, 164, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kunz, J.; Saewe, J.; Herzog, S.; Kaletsch, A.; Schleifenbaum, J.H.; Broeckmann, C. Mechanical Properties of High-Speed Steel AISI M50 Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Steel Res. Int. 2019, 91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kunz, J.; Saewe, J.; Herzog, S.; Kaletsch, A.; Schleifenbaum, J.H.; Broeckmann, C. Influence of Powder Bed Temperature on Microstructure and Post Heat Treatment of High Speed Steel AISI M50 Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. In Proceedings of the Euro PM 2018 Congress & Exhibition, Bilbao, Spain, 14–18 October 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Weddeling, A.; Theisen, W. Energy and time saving processing: A combination of hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment. Met. Powder Rep. 2017, 72, 345–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujita, M.; Suzuki, M. The Effect of High Pressure on the Isothermal Transformation in High Purity Fe-C Alloys and Commercial Steels. Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 1974, 14, 44–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Angré, A.; Ahlfors, M.; Chasoglou, D.; Larsson, L.; Claesson, E.; Karlsson, O. Phase transformation under isostatic pressure in HIP. Powder Met. 2017, 60, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Weddeling, A.; Wulbieter, N.; Theisen, W. Densifying and hardening of martensitic steel powders in HIP units providing high cooling rates. Powder Met. 2016, 59, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- ASTM A600-92a. Specification for Tool Steel High Speed; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Cayron, C. ARPGE: A computer program to automatically reconstruct the parent grains from electron backscatter diffraction data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2007, 40, 1183–1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mertens, R.; Vrancken, B.; Holmstock, N.; Kinds, Y.; Kruth, J.-P.; Van Humbeeck, J. Influence of Powder Bed Preheating on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of H13 Tool Steel SLM Parts. Phys. Procedia 2016, 83, 882–890. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Konovalenko, I.; Maruschak, P.; Prentkovskis, O. Automated Method for Fractographic Analysis of Shape and Size of Dimples on Fracture Surface of High-Strength Titanium Alloys. Metals 2018, 8, 161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Le, V.-D.; Pessard, E.; Morel, F.; Edy, F. Influence of porosity on the fatigue behaviour of additively fabricated TA6V alloys. MATEC Web Conf. 2018, 165, 02008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Girelli, L.; Giovagnoli, M.; Tocci, M.; Pola, A.; Fortini, A.; Merlin, M.; La Vecchia, G.M. Evaluation of the impact behaviour of AlSi10Mg alloy produced using laser additive manufacturing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2019, 748, 38–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tekeli, S.; Güral, A. Microstructural characterization and impact toughness of intercritically annealed PM steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2005, 406, 172–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sander, G.; Tan, J.; Balan, P.; Gharbi, O.; Feenstra, D.; Singer, L.; Thomas, S.; Kelly, R.; Scully, J.; Birbilis, N. Corrosion of Additively Manufactured Alloys: A Review. Corrosion 2018, 74, 1318–1350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- AlHazaa, A.; Haneklaus, N. Diffusion Bonding and Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) Bonding of Type 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steel—A Review of Similar and Dissimilar Material Joints. Metals 2020, 10, 613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kühlein, W.; Stüwe, H. The influence of high hydrostatic pressure on recrystallization of α-brass. Acta Met. 1988, 36, 3055–3059. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krawczynska, A.T.; Gierlotka, S.; Suchecki, P.; Setman, D.; Adamczyk-Cieslak, B.; Lewandowska, M.; Zehetbauer, M. Recrystallization and grain growth of a nano/ultrafine structured austenitic stainless steel during annealing under high hydrostatic pressure. J. Mater. Sci. 2018, 53, 11823–11836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maki, T.; Tsuzaki, K.; Tamura, I. The Morphology of Microstructure Composed of Lath Martensites in Steels. Trans. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 1980, 20, 207–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Morito, S.; Saito, H.; Ogawa, T.; Furuhara, T.; Maki, T. Effect of Austenite Grain Size on the Morphology and Crystallography of Lath Martensite in Low Carbon Steels. ISIJ Int. 2005, 45, 91–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Elements [Mass%] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | C | Cr | Mo | V | Mn | |
ASTM | Bal. | 0.78–0.88 | 3.75–4.5 | 3.9–4.75 | 0.7–1.25 | 0.15–0.45 |
Laser Powder-Bed Fusion (LPBF) Powder | Bal. | 0.84 | 4.49 | 4.53 | 1.03 | 0.31 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Qin, S.; Herzog, S.; Kaletsch, A.; Broeckmann, C. Effects of Pressure on Microstructure and Residual Stresses during Hot Isostatic Pressing Post Treatment of AISI M50 Produced by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion. Metals 2021, 11, 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040596
Qin S, Herzog S, Kaletsch A, Broeckmann C. Effects of Pressure on Microstructure and Residual Stresses during Hot Isostatic Pressing Post Treatment of AISI M50 Produced by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion. Metals. 2021; 11(4):596. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040596
Chicago/Turabian StyleQin, Siyuan, Simone Herzog, Anke Kaletsch, and Christoph Broeckmann. 2021. "Effects of Pressure on Microstructure and Residual Stresses during Hot Isostatic Pressing Post Treatment of AISI M50 Produced by Laser Powder-Bed Fusion" Metals 11, no. 4: 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11040596