Abstract
Biogas is a vital renewable energy source that could play an effective role in fulfilling the world’s energy demand, not only in heat and power generation but also as a vehicle fuel in the future. Unfortunately, due to impurities, biogas requires a series of upgrading steps, which affects its economics and sustainability. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the impurities that economically and environmentally hinder the biogas utilization as a source of energy. H2S removal from biogas using different technologies was extensively studied and established. One of such technology is adsorption. Adsorption by solid sorbents is considered as a suitable removal technique for toxic gases such as H2S because of its simplicity, easy handling, and environmental friendly sorbents. In this review, the utilization of waste material-based sorbent for H2S removal was appraised. Other gaseous components of biogas such as siloxanes, CO2, etc., are out of the scope of this work. The potential and effectiveness of the waste-derived sorbents, either raw waste or modified waste, were summarized in terms of its characteristics, suitability, and sustainability. The review provides an insightful analysis of different types of wastes such as sewage sludge, food waste, forestry waste, fly ash, and industrial wastes as an alternative to commercial adsorbents to adsorb H2S gas. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that if these sorbents are to be successfully commercialized, its economic analysis, regeneration conditions, and potential utilization of the spent sorbents has to be further exploited. Nevertheless, there is a great prospectus in the future for these waste materials to be utilized as sorbents for H2S removal.
About the authors
Waseem Ahmad is a Master’s student at the Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR). He obtained his BE Chemical Engineering from the University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, in 2012. Prior to his Master’s, he was working in the U.A.E. for a specialty chemical distributor as a Technical Sales Executive. His working experience in technical assistance motivated him for his higher research studies. He plans to continue his research in the field of environmental engineering.
Sumathi Sethupathi is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, as an associate professor. She received her PhD from the Universiti Sains Malaysia. Her research focuses on water and air control and remediation. She has published more than 60 peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. She is active in various fields of chemical engineering.
Gobi Kanadasan is specializing in the treatment of wastewater. His main research interest is in biodegradable plastic production from wastewater treatment. Until date, he has successfully published about eight peer-reviewed papers in reputable journals. Currently, he is working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Lee Chung Lau obtained his PhD in Chemical Engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia in 2016. Currently, he is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara. His research interest is particularly related with biogas cleaning and separation. The main focus of technology development is adsorption and porous catalyst such as activated carbon and ash-based adsorbent.
Ramesh Kanthasamy is affiliated with the Process Systems Engineering and Safety (ProSES) cluster in the Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang. He received his PhD degree from Universiti Sains Malaysia in the field of advanced process control. His research interests include advanced process control, process modeling and simulation, and wastewater treatment. He is active in industrial consultancy and trainings in various fields of chemical engineering.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Research Fund [IPSR/RMC/UTARRF/2017-C1/S07]. The authors would like to also acknowledge the reviewers of this manuscript for their endless efforts and excellent inputs.
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Report: Toxicological Profile for Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbonyl Sulfide. 2016. [cited 2017 November 15]. Available from: https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp114.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Aguilera PG, Gutiérrez Ortiz FJ. Techno-economic assessment of biogas plant upgrading by adsorption of hydrogen sulfide on treated sewage–sludge. Energy Convers Manag 2016; 126: 411–420.10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.005Search in Google Scholar
Agustini C, da Costa M, Gutterres M. Biogas production from tannery solid wastes – scale-up and cost saving analysis. J Clean Prod 2018; 187: 158–164.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.185Search in Google Scholar
Al-Anber M. Thermodynamics approach in the adsorption of heavy metals. In: Moreno Piraján JC, editor. Thermodyn. Stud. Liq. Gases. 1st ed. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2011: 738–759.Search in Google Scholar
Alonso-Vicario A, Ochoa-Gómez JR, Gil-Río S, Gómez-Jiménez-Aberasturi O, Ramírez-López CA, Torrecilla-Soria J, Domínguez A. Purification and upgrading of biogas by pressure swing adsorption on synthetic and natural zeolites. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2010; 134: 100–107.10.1016/j.micromeso.2010.05.014Search in Google Scholar
Andriani D, Wresta A, Atmaja TD, Saepudin A. A review on optimization production and upgrading biogas through CO2 removal using various techniques. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 172: 1909–1928.10.1007/s12010-013-0652-xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Awe OW, Minh DP, Lyczko N, Nzihou A, Zhao Y. Laboratory-scale investigation of the removal of hydrogen sulfide from biogas and air using industrial waste-based sorbents. J Environ Chem Eng 2017; 5: 1809–1820.10.1016/j.jece.2017.03.023Search in Google Scholar
Bagheri Z, Moradi M. DFT study on the adsorption and dissociation of hydrogen sulfide on MgO nanotube. Struct Chem 2013; 25: 495–501.10.1007/s11224-013-0321-2Search in Google Scholar
Bagreev A, Rahman H, Bandosz TJ. Wood-based activated carbons as adsorbents of hydrogen sulfide: a study of adsorption and water regeneration processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000; 39: 3849–3855.10.1021/ie0004139Search in Google Scholar
Bagreev A, Bandosz TJ. Efficient hydrogen sulfide adsorbents obtained by pyrolysis of sewage sludge derived fertilizer modified with spent mineral oil. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38: 345–351.10.1021/es0303438Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bajpai P. Management of pulp and paper mill waste. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015: 9–17.10.1007/978-3-319-11788-1_2Search in Google Scholar
Belle AJ, Lansing S, Mulbry W, Weil RR. Methane and hydrogen sulfide production during co-digestion of forage radish and dairy manure. Biomass Bioenergy 2015; 80: 44–51.10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.04.029Search in Google Scholar
Bergersen O, Haarstad K. Treating landfill gas hydrogen sulphide with mineral wool waste (MWW) and rod mill waste (RMW). Waste Manag 2014; 34: 141–147.10.1016/j.wasman.2013.09.012Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bioenergy I. Report by IEA Bioenergy: A Joint Study by IEA Bioenergy Task 40 and Task 37. IEA Biomethane –. 2014: 18. [cited 2017 November 13]. Available from: http://www.ieabioenergy.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/IEA-Bioenergy-Task-37-Country-Report-Summary-2014_Final.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
BP. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2017. Br Pet 2017: 1–52. PMid:25246403. doi: https://doi.org/http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-report.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Cano PI, Colón J, Ramírez M, Lafuente J, Gabriel D, Cantero D. Life cycle assessment of different physical-chemical and biological technologies for biogas desulfurization in sewage treatment plants. J Clean Prod 2018; 181: 663–674.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.018Search in Google Scholar
Cherosky P, Li Y. Hydrogen sulfide removal from biogas by bio-based iron sponge. Biosyst Eng 2013; 114: 55–59.10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.10.010Search in Google Scholar
Cozma P, Wukovits W, Mămăligă I, Friedl A, Gavrilescu M. Modeling and simulation of high pressure water scrubbing technology applied for biogas upgrading. Clean Technol Environ Policy 2015; 17: 373–391.10.1007/s10098-014-0787-7Search in Google Scholar
Diaz I, Lopes AC, Pérez SI, Fdz-Polanco M. Performance evaluation of oxygen, air and nitrate for the microaerobic removal of hydrogen sulphide in biogas from sludge digestion. Bioresour Technol 2010; 101: 7724–7730.10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.062Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Díaz I, Ramos I, Fdz-Polanco M. Economic analysis of microaerobic removal of H2S from biogas in full-scale sludge digesters. Bioresour Technol 2015; 192: 280–286.10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.048Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Enitan AM, Adeyemo J, Swalaha FM, Kumari S, Bux F. Optimization of biogas generation using anaerobic digestion models and computational intelligence approaches. Rev Chem Eng 2017; 33: 309–335.10.1515/revce-2015-0057Search in Google Scholar
Esmaeili Faraj SH, Esfahany MN, Jafari-asl M, Etesami N. Hydrogen sulfide bubble absorption enhancement in water-based nanofluids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014; 53: 16851–16858.10.1021/ie5031453Search in Google Scholar
Fedkin M. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. 2017. [cited 2018 February 5]. Available from: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/eme807/node/690.Search in Google Scholar
Fernández M, Ramírez M, Pérez RM, Gómez JM, Cantero D. Hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas by an anoxic biotrickling filter packed with Pall rings. Chem Eng J 2013; 225: 456–463.10.1016/j.cej.2013.04.020Search in Google Scholar
Fontseré Obis M, Germain P, Bouzahzah H, Richioud A, Benbelkacem H. The effect of the origin of MSWI bottom ash on the H2S elimination from landfill biogas. Waste Manag 2017a; 70: 158–169.10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fontseré Obis M, Germain P, Troesch O, Spillemaecker M, BenbelKacema H. Valorization of MSWI bottom ash for biogas desulfurization: influence of biogas water content. Waste Manag 2017b; 60: 388–396.10.1016/j.wasman.2016.06.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Genç-Fuhrman H, Tjell JC, McConchie D. Increasing the arsenate adsorption capacity of neutralized red mud (Bauxsol). J Colloid Interface Sci 2004; 271: 313–320.10.1016/j.jcis.2003.10.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Guru PS, Dash S. Sorption on eggshell waste – a review on ultrastructure, biomineralization and other applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 209: 49–67.10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.013Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Habeeb OA, Kanthasamy R, Ali GAM, Sethupathi S, Yunus RBM. Hydrogen sulfide emission sources, regulations, and removal techniques: a review. Rev Chem Eng 2017; 34: 837–854.10.1515/revce-2017-0004Search in Google Scholar
Hagos K, Zong J, Li D, Liu C, Lu X. Anaerobic co-digestion process for biogas production: progress, challenges and perspectives. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2017; 76: 1485–1496.10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.184Search in Google Scholar
Häring H-W. Industrial gases processing, 1st ed. New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons, 2008.10.1002/9783527621248Search in Google Scholar
Hervy M, Minh DP, Gerente C, Weiss-Hortala E, Nzihou A, Villot A, Le Coq L. H2S removal from syngas using wastes pyrolysis chars. Chem Eng J 2018; 334: 2179–2189.10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.162Search in Google Scholar
ISO-Standards. (International Organization for Standarization). n.d. [cited 2018 May 2]. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html.Search in Google Scholar
Ben Jaber M, Couvert A, Amrane A, Le Cloirec P, Dumont E. Removal of hydrogen sulfide in air using cellular concrete waste: biotic and abiotic filtrations. Chem Eng J 2017; 319: 268–278.10.1016/j.cej.2017.03.014Search in Google Scholar
Jeníček P, Horejš J, Pokorná-Krayzelová L, Bindzar L, Bartáček J. Simple biogas desulfurization by microaeration – full scale experience. Anaerobe 2017; 46: 41–45.10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.01.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Khatib H. Oil and natural gas prospects: Middle East and North Africa. Energy Policy 2014; 64: 71–77.10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.091Search in Google Scholar
Kuhn JN, Elwell AC, Elsayed NH, Joseph B. Requirements, techniques, and costs for contaminant removal from landfill gas. Waste Manag 2017; 63: 246–256.10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lallemand F, Lecomte F, Streicher C. Highly sour gas processing: H2S bulk removal with the Sprex process. In: Int. Pet. Technol. Conf. 21–23 November, Doha, Qatar, International Petroleum Technology Conference; 2005.10.2523/IPTC-10581-MSSearch in Google Scholar
Lantz M. The economic performance of combined heat and power from biogas produced from manure in Sweden – a comparison of different CHP technologies. Appl Energy 2012; 98: 502–511.10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.04.015Search in Google Scholar
Lewis RJ, Copley GB. Chronic low-level hydrogen sulfide exposure and potential effects on human health: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45: 93–123.10.3109/10408444.2014.971943Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Li J-R, Kuppler RJ, Zhou H-C. Selective gas adsorption and separation in metal–organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38: 1477–1504.10.1039/b802426jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Lin H, King A, Williams N, Hu B. Hydrogen sulfide removal via appropriate metal ions dosing in anaerobic digestion. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2017; 36: 1405–1416.10.1002/ep.12587Search in Google Scholar
Lindkvist E, Karlsson M. Biogas production plants: existing classifications and proposed categories. J Clean Prod 2018; 174: 1588–1597.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.317Search in Google Scholar
Lönnqvist T, Sandberg T, Birbuet JC, Olsson J, Espinosa C, Thorin E, Gronkvist S, Gomez MF. Large-scale biogas generation in Bolivia – a stepwise reconfiguration. J Clean Prod 2018; 180: 494–504.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.174Search in Google Scholar
Miltner M, Makaruk A, Harasek M. Review on available biogas upgrading technologies and innovations towards advanced solutions. J Clean Prod 2017; 161: 1329–1337.10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.045Search in Google Scholar
Mittal S, Ahlgren EO, Shukla PR. Barriers to biogas dissemination in India: a review. Energy Policy 2018; 112: 361–370.10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.027Search in Google Scholar
MOBBS C. The Role and Importance of EIA. 2017. [cited 2018 May 2]. Available from: http://www.innovationforgrowth.co.uk/Blog/the-role-and-importance-of-eia/.Search in Google Scholar
Moset V, Fontaine D, Møller H. Co-digestion of cattle manure and grass harvested with different technologies. Effect on methane yield, digestate composition and energy balance. Energy 2017; 141: 451–460.10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.068Search in Google Scholar
Munoz R, Meier L, Diaz I, Jeison D. A review on the state-of-the-art of physical/chemical and biological technologies for biogas upgrading. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 2015; 14: 727–759.10.1007/s11157-015-9379-1Search in Google Scholar
Nemestóthy N, Bakonyi P, Szentgyörgyi E, Kumar G, Nguyen DD, Chang SW, Kim S-H, Belafi-Bako K. Evaluation of a membrane permeation system for biogas upgrading using model and real gaseous mixtures: the effect of operating conditions on separation behaviour, methane recovery and process stability. J Clean Prod 2018; 185: 44–51.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.047Search in Google Scholar
Nikkhah A, Khojastehpour M, Abbaspour-fard MH. Hybrid landfill gas emissions modeling and life cycle assessment for determining the appropriate period to install biogas system. J Clean Prod 2018; 185: 772–780.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.080Search in Google Scholar
Nowicki P, Skibiszewska P, Pietrzak R. Hydrogen sulphide removal on carbonaceous adsorbents prepared from coffee industry waste materials. Chem Eng J 2014; 248: 208–215.10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.052Search in Google Scholar
Oliveira dos Santos R, Santos LDS, Prata DM. Simulation and optimization of a methanol synthesis process from different biogas sources. J Clean Prod 2018; 186: 821–830.10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.108Search in Google Scholar
Ortiz FJG, Aguilera PG, Ollero P. Biogas desulfurization by adsorption on thermally treated sewage sludge. Sep Purif Technol 2014; 123: 200–213.10.1016/j.seppur.2013.12.025Search in Google Scholar
Ostergaard PA. Comparing electricity, heat and biogas storages’ impacts on renewable energy integration. Energy 2012; 37: 255–262.10.1016/j.energy.2011.11.039Search in Google Scholar
Ozekmekci M, Salkic G, Fellah MF. Use of zeolites for the removal of H2S: a mini-review. Fuel Process Technol 2015; 139: 49–60.10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.08.015Search in Google Scholar
Pagés-Díaz J, Pereda-Reyes I, Taherzadeh MJ, Sárvári-Horváth I, Lundin M. Anaerobic co-digestion of solid slaughterhouse wastes with agro-residues: synergistic and antagonistic interactions determined in batch digestion assays. Chem Eng J 2014; 245: 89–98.10.1016/j.cej.2014.02.008Search in Google Scholar
Polruang S, Banjerdkij P, Sirivittayapakorn S. Use of drinking water sludge as adsorbent for H2S gas removal from biogas. Environ Asia 2017; 10: 73–80.Search in Google Scholar
Polychronopoulou K, Galisteo FC, Granados ML, Fierro JL, Bakas T, Efstathiou A. Novel Fe – Mn – Zn – Ti – O mixed-metal oxides for the low-temperature removal of H2S from gas streams in the presence of H2, CO2, and H2O. J Catal 2005; 236: 205–220.10.1016/j.jcat.2005.10.001Search in Google Scholar
Poschl M, Ward S, Owende P. Evaluation of energy efficiency of various biogas production and utilization pathways. Appl Energy 2010; 87: 3305–3321.10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.05.011Search in Google Scholar
Qian Z, Xu L, Li Z, Li H, Guo K. Selective absorption of H2S from a gas mixture with CO2 by aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine in a rotating packed bed. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010; 49: 6196–6203.10.1021/ie100678cSearch in Google Scholar
Rasi S, Läntelä J, Rintala J. Trace compounds affecting biogas energy utilisation – a review. Energy Convers Manag 2011; 52: 3369–3375.10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.005Search in Google Scholar
Renjun R, Jiashun C, Qin Z, Yang W, ChangShuang Z, JingYang L, ZhaoXia X. Performance evaluation of combining microaerobic desulfurization with addition of rusty scrap iron (RSI) during waste-activated sludge digestion. Desalin Water Treat 2017; 84: 169–179.10.5004/dwt.2017.20976Search in Google Scholar
Rodriguez A, Chaturvedi S, Kuhn M, Hrbek J. Reaction of H2S and S2 with metal/oxide surfaces: band-gap size and chemical reactivity. J Phys Chem 1998; 102: 5511–5519.10.1021/jp9815208Search in Google Scholar
Ros A, Montes-Moran MA, Fuente E, Nevskaia DM, Martin MJ. Dried sludges and sludge-based chars for H2S removal at low temperature: influence of sewage sludge characteristics. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40: 302–309.10.1021/es050996jSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Ryckebosch E, Drouillon M, Vervaeren H. Techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane. Biomass Bioenergy 2011; 35: 1633–1645.10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.033Search in Google Scholar
Sahota S, Vijay VK, Subbarao PM V, Chandra R, Ghosh P, Shah G, Kapoor R, Vijay V, Koutu V, Thakur IS. Characterization of leaf waste based biochar for cost effective hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas. Bioresour Technol 2018; 250: 635–641.10.1016/j.biortech.2017.11.093Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Salkuyeh YK, Saville BA, Maclean HL. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of hydrogen production from natural gas using current and emerging technologies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2018; 42: 1–16.Search in Google Scholar
Schlumberger. H2S Removal Adsorbents. 2017. [cited 2017 November 15]. Available from: http://www.slb.com/-/media/Files/production/brochures/production-technologies/h2s-removal-absorbents-br.pdf?la=en&hash=69B354E08ABED93BEF32B56E3EDE608E838FD01B.Search in Google Scholar
Sethupathi S, Zhang M, Rajapaksha AU, Lee SR, Nor NM, Mohamed AR, Al-Wabel M, Lee SS, Ok YS. Biochars as potential adsorbers of CH4, CO2 and H2S. Sustain 2017; 9: 1–10.10.3390/su9010121Search in Google Scholar
Shah MS, Tsapatsis M, Siepmann JI. Identifying optimal zeolitic sorbents for sweetening of highly sour natural gas. Angewandte Angew Chemie 2016; 55: 5938–5942.10.1002/anie.201600612Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shah MS, Tsapatsis M, Siepmann JI. Hydrogen sulfide capture: from absorption in polar liquids to oxide, zeolite, and metal-organic framework adsorbents and membranes. Chem Rev 2017; 117: 9755–9803.10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00095Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shang G, Shen G, Liu L, Chen Q, Xu Z. Kinetics and mechanisms of hydrogen sulfide adsorption by biochars. Bioresour Technol 2013; 133: 495–499.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.114Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Singh A, Olsen SI, Pant D. Life cycle assessment of renewable energy sources. Green Energy Technol 2013: 1–11.10.1007/978-1-4471-5364-1_1Search in Google Scholar
Skerman AG, Heubeck S, Batstone DJ, Tait S. Low-cost filter media for removal of hydrogen sulphide from piggery biogas. Process Saf Environ Prot 2017; 105: 117–126.10.1016/j.psep.2016.11.001Search in Google Scholar
Song J, Niu X, Ling L, Wang B. A density functional theory study on the interaction mechanism between H2S and the α-Fe2O3 (0001) surface. Fuel Process Technol 2013; 115: 26–33.10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.04.003Search in Google Scholar
Sun Q, Li H, Yan J, Liu L, Yu Z, Yu X. Selection of appropriate biogas upgrading technology-a review of biogas cleaning, upgrading and utilisation. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015; 51: 521–532.10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.029Search in Google Scholar
Sun Y, Zhang JP, Wen C, Zhang L. An enhanced approach for biochar preparation using fluidized bed and its application for H2S removal. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif 2016; 104: 1–12.10.1016/j.cep.2016.02.006Search in Google Scholar
Sun Y, Yang G, Zhang L, Sun Z. Preparation of high performance H2S removal biochar by direct fluidized bed carbonization using potato peel waste. Process Saf Environ Prot 2017; 107: 281–288.10.1016/j.psep.2017.02.018Search in Google Scholar
Ullah Khan I, Othman HD, Hashim H, Matsuura T, Ismail AF, Rezaei-DashtArzhandi M, Wan Azelee I. Biogas as a renewable energy fuel – a review of biogas upgrading, utilisation and storage. Energy Convers Manag 2017; 150: 277–294.10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.035Search in Google Scholar
Veluchamy C, Kalamdhad AS. Enhanced methane production and its kinetics model of thermally pretreated lignocellulose waste material. Bioresour Technol 2017; 241: 1–9.10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.068Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wallace R, Seredych M, Zhang P, Bandosz TJ. Municipal waste conversion to hydrogen sulfide adsorbents: investigation of the synergistic effects of sewage sludge/fish waste mixture. Chem Eng J 2014; 237: 88–94.10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.005Search in Google Scholar
Wang X, Fan H, Tian Z, He E, Li Y, Shangguan J. Adsorptive removal of sulfur compounds using IRMOF-3 at ambient temperature. Appl Surf Sci 2014; 289: 107–113.10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.10.115Search in Google Scholar
Wiheeb AD, Shamsudin IK, Ahmad MA, Murat MN, Kim J, Othman MR. Present technologies for hydrogen sulfide removal from gaseous mixtures. Rev Chem Eng 2013; 29: 449–470.10.1515/revce-2013-0017Search in Google Scholar
Wu H, Zhu Y, Bian S, Ko JH, Yau Li FS, Xu Q. H2S adsorption by municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash with heavy metals immobilization. Chemosphere 2018; 195: 40–47.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.068Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Xu X, Cao X, Zhao L, Sun T. Comparison of sewage sludge- and pig manure-derived biochars for hydrogen sulfide removal. Chemosphere 2014; 111: 296–303.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.014Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Xuan HP, Minh DP, Martı́nez GM, Nzihou A, Sharrock P. Valorization of Calcium carbonate-based solid wastes for the treatment of hydrogen sulfide from the gas phase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015; 54: 4915–4922.10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00764Search in Google Scholar
Yang L, Ge X, Wan C, Yu F, Li Y. Progress and perspectives in converting biogas to transportation fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2014; 40: 1133–1152.10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.008Search in Google Scholar
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
