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Utilization of Citrus aurantium peels for sustainable production of high surface area type I microporous nano activated carbons

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Abstract

Orange (Citrus aurantium) peel was investigated for producing microporous nano activated carbons (OPAC). One-step chemical activation process by zinc chloride as an activating agent and a carbonization temperatures ranging from 500 to 900 °C was used to produce OPAC having high surface area of type I. The effects of carbonization temperature, impregnation ratio, and impregnation time on the properties of the OPAC were studied. The prepared activated carbons were characterized by FTIR; Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET); TGA; TEM, SEM, and EDAX analyses; the point of zero charge; and Boehm titration method. The maximal surface area of OPAC was activated by using the impregnation (orange peel/ZnCl2) ratio of 2:1, 700 °C carbonization temperature, and a 30-min holding time. The BET surface area, the total pore volume, and the micropore volume were 1228.2 m2/g, 0.5516, and 0.5482 cm3/g, respectively. The total pore volume increased with the increase of the activation temperature. The minimum pore diameter was 0.7 nm and the mean pore diameter was 1.797 nm. The results proved that the ZnCl2 chemical activation is a useful technique to prepare high surface area activated carbon from Citrus aurantium peels with nano pore size structure.

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Abbreviations

AC:

Activated carbon

a M :

Micropore surface area

a T :

Total surface area

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

C 0 :

Initial concentration (mg/L)

C e :

Equilibrium concentration (mg/L)

D P :

Mean pore diameter

DTG:

Deferential thermal analysis

EDAX:

Energy dispersive X-ray analysis

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

IUPAC:

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

MB:

Methylene blue

MBN:

Methylene blue number

MP:

Micropore analysis

OP:

Orange peel

OPAC:

Activated carbon from orange peel

pHZPC :

Zero point of charge

PRI:

Percentage removal of iodine

PSD:

Pore size distribution

S BET :

Specific surface area (m2/g)

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

S mi :

Micropore surface area

t :

Time (min)

T :

Absolute temperature

TEM:

Transmission electron microscope

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

V :

Volume of the solution (L)

V mi :

Micropore volume

V T :

Total pore volume (cm3/g)

W :

Mass of dry adsorbent (g)

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Funding

This work is partially financially supported by the Science and Technological Development Fund (STDF) of Egypt (Project No. CB-4874 and CB-22816).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environment Division, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, NIOF, Kayet Bey, El-Anfoushy, Alexandria, Egypt

    Ahmed El Nemr, Amany El Sikaily & Safaa Ragab

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Rawan M. Aboughaly, Mamdouh S. Masoud & Mohamed S. Ramadan

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  1. Ahmed El Nemr
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  2. Rawan M. Aboughaly
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El Nemr, A., Aboughaly, R.M., El Sikaily, A. et al. Utilization of Citrus aurantium peels for sustainable production of high surface area type I microporous nano activated carbons. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 13, 1613–1631 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01457-2

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