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Development and initial validation of the hardiness based parenting behaviors questionnaire (HBPBQ)

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Abstract

The present study was conducted for developing and validating the Hardiness Based Parenting Behaviors Questionnaire (HBPBQ) for parents of children aged between 7 and 12. Based on a mixed-method approach, the research was carried out through the course of multiple stages. In the item development stage, items were generated by applying deductive and inductive methods. In Study 1, the exploratory factor analysis was evaluated, while Study 2 examined the construct validity of the questionnaire. Selected based on a convenience sampling method, a total of 663 parents made up the sample size of the two studies. In the item development section, three higher-order themes and 13 sub-themes were identified. In Study 1, the results of the exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a three-factor model (responsive interaction, empowering participation, and learning-oriented support) that is consistent with the existing research literature on hardiness. In Study 2, CFA results confirmed the factorial validity of the HBPBQ. The results also demonstrated that HBPBQ shows acceptable reliability and construct validity. Findings indicate that the 37-item HBPBQ can be applied in assessing parents’ hardiness behaviors. However, further research is needed on the dimensions and application of the questionnaire in other cultures.

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Availability of Data and Material

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Figshare repository, [https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14069504.v1].

Code Availability

[https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.14069504.v1].

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our most sincere gratitude to all the parents and experts, who participated in this research.

Funding

The authors received no financial support to conduct this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, AlzahraUniversity, Tehran, Iran

    Fariba Soheili, Simin Hosseinian & Abbas Abdollahi

Authors
  1. Fariba Soheili
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  2. Simin Hosseinian
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  3. Abbas Abdollahi
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Contributions

Conceptualization: [All Authors], Data collection and Qualitative interviews: [Fariba Soheili], Methodology and Data Analysis: [All Authors], Original draft preparation: [Fariba Soheili], Review and Editing: [Simin Hosseinian, Abbas Abdollahi], Supervision: [Simin Hossinian]. The final manuscript was read and approved by all authors.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simin Hosseinian.

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Ethical Approval

The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Counseling at Alzahra University.

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All human participants voluntarily participated in the study. All participants signed written informed consent papers and were provided the choice to quit the study at any stage.

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Not applicable.

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The group of authors has no conflicts of interest to declare relevant to this research.

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Soheili, F., Hosseinian, S. & Abdollahi, A. Development and initial validation of the hardiness based parenting behaviors questionnaire (HBPBQ). Curr Psychol 42, 3224–3235 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01673-z

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