Abstract
Purpose
Partitioning is often recommended as allocation procedure in attributional Life Cycle Assessments (a-LCAs). However, little guidance is available on how to apply partitioning to recycled products. This paper aims to demonstrate and discuss the application of the allocation procedure allocation at the point of substitution (APOS) via an evaluation of the impacts of the recycled phosphor yttrium europium oxide (YOX) from end-of-life fluorescent lamps.
Methods
Starting from a multifunctional recycling process, APOS is applied by (1) identifying the products of the foreground sub-system, (2) identifying the origin of the recycled waste, (3) defining the boundaries of the production systems, and (4) applying economic allocation.
Results and discussion
It appears that recycled YOX is accountable for lower impacts than primary YOX for most impact categories. The largest contributor to the impacts of recycled YOX are the impacts related to the primary production of the fluorescent lamp, such as the use of mercury in the lamp tube. Even if this can be counter-intuitive to accept—as these impacts seem unrelated to YOX—these results provide useful information on whether the supply route of rare earth elements (REEs) from end-of-life fluorescent lamps is “future proof,” regarding potential (supply) risks due to environmental impacts upstream in the product supply chain.
Conclusions
The application of APOS is demonstrated on the end-of-life recycling of rare earth elements. APOS provides the user of the recycled REE information about environmental impacts upstream in the product’s value chain. This could inform about the sustainability of the company’s operations—i.e., whether the future use or production of a material might be compromised due to (regulations to decrease) environmental impacts.
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Notes
In practice, some combinations of REEs can be traded on the market as well, such as LaCe and PrNd (Metal-Pages 2017). More detailed information about the ideal composition of LaCe in the application of, for example, mischmetal could support the categorization of LaCe as a co-product, whether intermediate flows within a REE separation process could be considered as co-products depend on the composition of the REE concentrate and the separation technique.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Solvay and the French National Association for Technical Research (CIFRE Convention No. 2013/ 1146) for the funding of the Ph.D. study of the first author. The inventory data of the rare earth recycling process was provided by Françoise Lartigue-Peyrou on behalf of Solvay. We are grateful for the contributions of the Solvay Research and Innovation team “Eco-design, Modeling and Simulation” to the manuscript, especially from Jean-François Viot and Françoise Lartigue-Peyrou. Finally, we thank the two reviewers for their constructive comments.
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Communicated by Andrea J Russell-Vaccari.
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Schrijvers, D.L., Loubet, P. & Sonnemann, G. “Allocation at the point of substitution” applied to recycled rare earth elements: what can we learn?. Int J Life Cycle Assess 26, 1403–1416 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01884-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01884-3