Abstract
Heating and cooling degree days (HDDs/CDDs) method is commonly used to quantify the demand for energy needed for cooling and heating of buildings. Therefore, daily air temperature (minimum and maximum) from four stations in Iraq were analyzed to detect the annual and monthly heating and cooling degree-days trend over the period 1970–2014 using linear regression techniques. The results indicated that; Annual mean values of accumulated heating degree-days AHDDs recorded from 1048oC in Basra station in the south to 2289oC in Mosul station north of Iraq. The annual mean values of ACDDs registered from 2220oC in Rutba to 2927oC in Basra. The annual AHDDs trends analysis indicated significant decreasing trends for all stations with probability level ≥ 99 % except in Basra. The monthly AHDDs showed a general decreasing trend for all stations, and for most months about 91.6 % of monthly trends had negative values. However, the annual total accumulated cooling degree-days ACDDs indicated that all stations registered significant positive trends with probability level ≥ 99 %. The highest annual positive linear tendency rate was recorded in Basra (19.586 oC/year). Moreover, the monthly ACDDs showed in the winter months from December to February, there were no significant trend values recorded. Except for these three months, there were significantly increased ACDDs trends in all stations and for the majority of the months during the study period.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahmed, M.M., Khaleed, O.L., Ibraheem, N.T.: Calculation of daily cooling degree for selected stations in Iraq. Diyala J. Pure Sci. 14(4), 26–39 (2018)
Akrawi, A., Saman, W.Y.: Evaluation of heating and cooling degree days in Iraq, 6th Miami international conference on alternative energy sources, Miami Beach, FL, USA (1983)
Al-Hadhrami, L.M.: Comprehensive review of cooling and heating degree days characteristics over Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 27, 305–314 (2013)
Al-Musawi, S.A.: Heat Island in Baghdad City, University of Baghdad, Ph.D Dissertation. (In Arabic) (1998)
Al-Shammari, A.Y.: Effect of differentiation green areas on weather & climate of Baghdad City Over the Period 1981–2010, University of Baghdad, Ph.D Dissertation. (In Arabic) (2012)
Amber, K.P., Aslam, M.W., Ikram, F., Kousar, A., Ali, H.M., Akram, N., Afzal, K., Mushtaq, H.: Heating and cooling degree-days maps of Pakistan. Energies 11(94), 1–12 (2018)
ASHRAE: ‘Energy estimating and modelling methods’ Ch. 31 in ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta (2001)
Assawamartbunlue, K.: An investigation of cooling and heating degree-hours in Thailand. J. Clean Energy Technol. 1(2), 87–90 (2013)
Büyükalaca, O., Bulut, H., Yılmaz, T.: Analysis of variable-base heating and cooling degree-days for Turkey. Appl. Energy 69, 269–283 (2001)
Christenson, M., Manz, H., Gyalistras, D.: Climate warming impact on degree-days and building energy demand in Switzerland. Energy Convers. Manag. 47, 671–686 (2006)
De Rosa, M., Bianco, V., Scarpa, F., Tagliafico, L.A.: Historical trends and current state of heating and cooling degree days in Italy. Energy Convers. Manag 90, 323–335 (2015)
Faraji, A., Zahedi, M., Rasooli, A.A.: Zoning the required heating and cooling degree-days of Azerbaijan region in geographical information system environment. J. Nat. Geogr. Res. 66, 71–85 (2008)
Griffin, J.S.: Impacts of weather variations on energy consumption efforts at US air force installations. Wright-Paterson Air Force Base, Ohio: Air Force Institute of Technology (Thesis) (2008)
Hasson, A., Al-Askari, A.: Potential effects of microclimatic factors in environmental design of building in Iraq context. International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations 2(15), 83–86 (2013)
Hernández, L., Baladrón, C., Aguiar, J.M., Calavia, L., Carro, B., Sánchez-Esguevillas, A., Cook, D.J., Chinarro, D., Gómez, J.: A Study of the relationship between weather variables and electric power demand inside a smart grid/smart world framework. Sensors (Basel) 12(9), 11571–11591 (2012)
Hor, C.L., Watson, S.J., Majithia, S.: Analyzing the impact of weather variables on monthly electricity demand. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 20(4), 2078–2085 (2005)
IPCC: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. In: Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M. (eds.) Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1535 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2013)
Jiang, F., Li, X., Wei, B., Hu, R., Li, Z.: Observed trends of heating and cooling degree-days in Xinjiang Province, China. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 97, 349–360 (2009)
Kasim, A.A.: The air masses, classification, characteristics, ‘an applied study on the Iraqi climate’ University of Baghdad, Ph.D Dissertation. (In Arabic) (1991)
Khalili, A.: Codification of a new system of climate zoning from heating and cooling needs point of view in Iran. Geogr. Res. 75, 14–15 (2004)
Ko, K.: Report on building housing supply policy in Iraq. Hanwha Corporation. Ministry of Planning in Iraq (2015)
Kolokotroni, M., Davies, M., Croxford, B., Bhuiyan, S., Mavrogianni, A.A.: Validated methodology for the prediction of heating and cooling energy demand for buildings within the Urban Heat Island: Case-study of London. Sol. Energy 84, 2246–2225 (2010)
Malinowski, J.C. (ed.): Iraq; A geography. United States Military Academy, West Point (2003)
Matzarakis, A., Balafoutis, C.: Heating degree-days over Greece as an index of energy consumption. Int. J. Climatol. 24, 1817–1828 (2004)
McGilligan, C., Natarajan, S., Nikolopoulou, M.: Adaptive comfort degree-days: A metric to compare adaptive comfort standards and estimate changes in energy consumption for future UK climates. Energy Build. 43, 2767–2778 (2011)
Mohamed, B., Kaoutar, J., Abdelmajid, F., Ilham, M.: Comparison of the calculation methods of heating and cooling degree-days in three different cities in Morocco. Int. J. Curr. Trends Eng. Technol. 02(06), 447–452 (2016)
Muslih, K.D., Błażejczyk, K.: The inter-annual variations and the long-term trends of monthly air temperatures in Iraq over the period 1941–2013. Theor. Appl. Climatol. 130(1–2), 583–596 (2017)
Nematchoua, M.K., Roshan, G.R., Tchinda, R., Nasrabadi, T., Ricciardi, P.: Climate change and its role in forecasting energy demand in buildings: A case study of Douala City, Cameroon. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 124, 269–281 (2015)
Rehman, S., Al-Hadhrami, L.M., Khan, S.: Annual, and seasonal trends of cooling, heating, and industrial degree-days in coastal regions of Saudi Arabia. Theor. Appl. Climatol 104, 479–488 (2011)
Roshan, G.H., Ghanghermeh, A.A., Attia, S.: Determining new threshold temperatures for cooling and heating degree day index of different climatic zones of Iran. Renew. Energy 101, 156–167 (2017)
Roshan, G.H., Orosa, J.A., Nasrabadi, T.: Simulation of climate change impact on energy consumption in buildings, case study of Iran. Energy Policy 49, 731–739 (2012)
Salmana, S.A., Shahida, S., Ismaila, T., Chungb, E., Al-Abadi, A.: Long-term trends in daily temperature extremes in Iraq. Atmos. Res. 198, 97–107 (2017)
Sedeeq, M.S., Abdullah, Z.I., Khudhur, I.M.: Calculation and modelling of cooling degree-hours for some Iraqi cities. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 14, 4767–4772 (2019)
Sivak: Potential energy demand for cooling in the 50 largest metropolitan areas of the world: Implications for developing countries. Energy Policy 37, 1382–1384 (2009)
Yan, Y.Y.: Climate and residential electricity consumption in Hong Kong. Energy 23, 17–20 (1998)
Yildiz, I., Sosaoglu, B.: Spatial distributions of heating, cooling, and industrial degree-days in Turkey. Theor. Appl. Climatol 90, 249–261 (2007)
Yucel, A., Atilgan, A., Erdem, N., Oz, H.: Analysis of trend changes in degree-day values of heating and cooling: broiler breeding case, infrastructure and ecology of rural areas, Nr II/2, POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK, Oddział w Krakowie, s. 645–660 (2017)
Zekai, Ş., Kadiogl̂u, M.: Heating degree-days for arid regions. Energy 23(12), 1089–1094 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Edvin Aldrian.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Muslih, K.D. Annual and Monthly Trends of Cooling and Heating Degree-Days in Four Different Cities in Iraq as an Index of Energy Consumption. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 58, 33–43 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-021-00233-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-021-00233-6