Transition metal ions doped Bi12SiO20 as novel catalysts for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally friendly oxidant and significant goods chemical as its only decomposition by-product is water [1]. The catalytic decomposition of H2O2 is considerably examined because of its applicability in several industrial and environmental technologies, the performance of those technologies being powerfully related with the H2O2 decomposition [2], [3], [4]. Consequently, it is widely applied in wastewater treatment using NAS approach based on algae-bacteria consortia CO2 and NOx removal [5,6], pulp industry and as a raw material in chemical industry [1,7,8]. Additionally, H2O2 is used commonly as an antimicrobial agent in food processing, a bleaching agent of natural and synthetic fibers in textile industry and in pharmaceutical applications [9,10]. Moreover, H2O2 decomposition is applied as a probe reaction for redox catalytic efficiency of metal oxides [1] since long time. On account of the activity of H2O2 decomposition is very weak, it commonly carries out in the existence of catalysts [11,12]. Recently, nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest of the scientific and industrial communities owing to their remarkable physical properties, opening chances for a very wide diversity of new technological applications [13]. Amongst, bismuth silicate (Bi12SiO20), which belongs to the sillenite type with a pseudo-body centered cubic unit cell and I23 space group symmetry [14,15]. Bi12SiO20 is a multifunctional substance with fascinating optical and physicochemical properties [16]. So, it has good photocatalytic [17], [18], [19], photochromic, photorefractive and dielectric properties [15,19]. Additionally, different dopants were investigated to promote the optical and physicochemical properties of Bi12SiO20 [18]. Transition metal oxides as dopants were attracted a great interest of the researchers [[20], [21], [22]] owing to their low cost, availability, and high efficiency [23]. Among different transition metal oxides, cobalt (Co3O4) and manganese (Mn3O4) oxides, which belong to the spinel class of minerals with molecular formula of M2+(M3(+2(O2−)4 [24,25]. Additionally, Co3O4 and Mn3O4 were attracted attention due to their promising applications such as active catalysts in many redox reactions, gas sensors and anodic materials in lithium-ion batteries [20,22,26,27]. Also, amongst them, iron oxide (Fe2O3) which attracted much notice for H2O2 decomposition owing to comparatively low cost, non-toxicity, good stability and environmentally friendly feature [28,29]. Moreover, Fe2O3 nanomaterials used in several applications like wastewater treatment, gas sensor materials, lithium batteries, supercapacitors, catalysts and non-enzymatic glucose sensors [30], [31], [32]. Besides, copper (CuO) and nickel (NiO) oxides obtained growing interest not only for their distinctive properties but also for their different applications in catalysis, gas sensors and magnetic materials [[33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]].
To the best of our knowledge there are no reports on the H2O2 decomposition utilizing pure or doped Bi12SiO20 as catalyst. Therefore, it was thought of attention to study the catalytic activity of pure Bi12SiO20 (BS) and transition metal ions doped Bi12SiO20 (M/BS; M = Fe, Cu, Ni, Co or Mn) in H2O2 decomposition. Pure and doped Bi12SiO20 nanomaterials were successfully prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal route. The effect of transition metal ions doping on the physicochemical properties of Bi12SiO20 nanomaterial was estimated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. In the end, the stability of catalyst was investigated by recycling experiment for five sequential runs.
Section snippets
Materials
Si(OC2H5)4 (TEOS) (≥ 98%), Bi(NO3)3·5H2O (99.9%), HNO3 (70%), C2H5OH (≥ 99.9%), KOH (99.9%), EDTA (99%), Cu(NO3)2·6H2O (99.9%), Ni(NO3)2·6H2O (99.9%), Co(NO3)2·4H2O (99.9%), Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (99.9%) and Mn(NO3)2·4H2O (99.9%). All chemicals were of analytical grade and utilized without additional cleaning.
Preparation of Bi12SiO20 and M/Bi12SiO20 catalysts
Pure Bi12SiO20 and different transition metal ions doped Bi12SiO20 catalysts were prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal route. In short, 0.025 g EDTA was added into 0.85 mL water and then
X-ray diffraction (XRD)
To investigate the effect of transition metal ions doping on the crystal structures of Bi12SiO20 catalyst, Fig. 1 displays their XRD patterns. All main diffraction peaks of BS, Fe/BS, Cu/BS, Ni/BS, Co/BS and Mn/BS catalysts appear similar, matching with diffraction peaks of Bi12SiO20 (JCPDS 37–0485). Whereas the changes which were observed for the doped catalysts in the intensity of the peaks only. The main diffraction peaks centered at 24.8°, 27.8°, 30.6°, 33.1°, 37.7°, 39.8°, 41.8°, 43.6°,
Conclusions
Brief, the transition metal ions doped Bi12SiO20 nanomaterials were successfully prepared by ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal route for catalytic H2O2 decomposition. Interestingly, the catalytic performance of Bi12SiO20 catalyst was remarkably promoted with NiO, Co3O4 and Mn3O4 doping. Additionally, the decomposition of H2O2 on most active catalyst (Mn/BS) showed a remarkable increase with increasing the reaction temperature. Noteworthy, the Mn/BS catalyst demonstrated larger stability in the H2
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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