Abstract
The study has aimed at understanding the key factors involved in the synthesis of porous Ti-based β-Ti-35Nb-7.9Sn alloy by electro-deoxidation of compacted and sintered TiO2-Nb2O5-SnO2 mixed oxide disks in molten calcium chloride. Processing parameters assessed were the sintering temperature, and thus, the open porosity, of the oxide precursor as well as the temperature, voltage, and time of electro-deoxidation. Process conditions were arrived at that enable the complete and efficient reduction of the mixed oxide. The Ti-35Nb-7.9Sn alloy product was single-phase bcc and had a porous microstructure with nodular particles. Electro-deoxidation experiments of different durations allowed the identification of the main intermediate phases occurring during the reduction as well as the mechanism of the oxide-to-alloy conversion. The porous Ti-35Nb-7.9Sn alloy prepared was subjected to corrosion testing in Hanks’ simulated body fluid solution and was found to exhibit superior performance when compared with dense 304L and 316L steels and brass.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
1. M. Saini, Y. Singh, P. Arora, V. Arora, and K. Jain: World J. Clin. Cases, 2015, vol. 13, pp. 52–57.
2. Y.H. Li, C. Yang, H.D. Zhao, S.G. Qu, X.Q. Li, and Y.Y. Li: Materials, 2014, vol. 7, pp. 1709–1800.
3. M. Geetha, D. Durgalakshmi, and R. Asokamani: Rec. Pat. Corros. Sci., 2010, vol. 2, pp. 40–54.
4. M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, and A.K. Gogia: Prog. Mater. Sci., 2009, vol. 54, pp. 397–425.
5. M. Niinomi: Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 2003, vol. 4, pp. 445–54.
6. M. Long and H.J. Rack: Biomater., 1998, vol. 19, pp. 1621–39.
7. J.E.G. González and J.C. Mirza-Rosca: J. Electroanal. Chem., 1999, vol. 471, pp. 109–15.
8. J. Pan, D. Thierry, and C. Leygraf: Electrochim. Acta, 1996, vol. 41, pp. 1143–53.
9. A. Cremasco, W.R. Osório, C.M.A. Freire, A. Garcia, and R. Caram: Electrochim. Acta, 2008, vol. 53, pp. 4867–74.
10. C.M. Lee, C.P. Ju, and J.H.C. Lin: J. Oral Rehabil., 2002, vol. 29, pp. 314–22.
11. S. Guo, Q.K. Meng, X.Q. Zhao, Q.M. Wei, and H.B. Xu: Sci. Rep., 2015, vol. 5, art. no. 14688.
12. D. Kuroda, M. Niinomi, M. Morinaga, Y. Kato, and T. Yashiro: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. 243, pp. 244–49.
13. T. Ozaki, H. Matsumoto, S. Watanabe, and S. Hanada: Mater. Trans., 2004, vol. 45, pp. 2776–79.
14. H. Matsumoto, S. Watanabe, and S. Hanada: Mater. Trans., 2005, vol. 46, pp. 1070–78.
15. X.F. Cheng, S.C. Liu, C. Chen, W. Chen, M. Liu, R.D. Li, X.Y. Zhang, and K.C. Zhou: J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 2019, vol. 30, art. no. 91.
Ch. Praveen, S.G. Acharyya, S.M. Shariff, and A. Bhattacharjee: Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express, 2018, vol. 4, art. no. 027003.
17. S. Bahl, A.S. Krishnamurthy, S. Suwas, and K. Chatterjee: Mater. Des., 2017, vol. 126, pp. 226–37.
E.P. Utomo, I. Kartika, and A. Anawati: AIP Conf. Proc., 2018, vol. 1964, art. no. 020046.
19. Y.P. Hou, S. Guo, X.L. Qiao, T. Tian, Q.K. Meng, X.N. Cheng, and X.Q. Zhao: J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 2016, vol. 59, pp. 220–25.
20. P.E.L. Moraes, R.J. Contieri, E.S.N. Lopes, A. Robin, and R. Caram: Mater. Charact., 2014, vol. 96, pp. 273–81.
21. S. Hanada, N. Masahashi, and T.K. Jung: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2013, vol. 588, 403–10.
22. T.K. Jung, H.S. Lee, S. Semboshi, N. Masahashi, T. Abumiya, and S. Hanada: J. Alloys Compd., 2012, vol. 536S, pp. S582–85.
23. E.S.N. Lopes, A. Cremasco, R. Contieri, and R. Caram: Adv. Mater. Res., 2011, vol. 324, pp. 61–64.
24. J.Y. Xiong, Y.C. Li, X.J. Wang, P. Hodgson, and C. Wen: Acta Biomater., 2008, vol. 4, pp. 1963–68.
25. B.L. Wang, Y.F. Zheng, and L.C. Zhao: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 486, pp. 146–51.
26. A. Nouri, J.G. Lin, Y.C. Li, Y. Yamada, P.D. Hodgson, and C.E. Wen: Mater. Forum, 2007, vol. 31, pp. 64–70.
27. S. Hanada, H. Matsumoto, and S. Watanabe: Int. Congr. Ser., 2005, vol. 1284, pp. 239–47.
28. G.Z. Chen, D.J. Fray, and T.W. Farthing: Nature, 2000, vol. 407, pp. 361–64.
29. D.J. Fray and C. Schwandt: Mater. Trans., 2017, vol. 58, pp. 306–12.
30. J.J. Peng, H.L. Chen, X.B. Jin, T. Wang, D.H. Wang, and G.Z. Chen: Chem. Mater., 2009, vol. 21, pp. 5187–95.
31. X. Yang, D.H. Wang, Y.D. Liang, H.Y. Yin, S. Zhang, T. Jiang, Y.N. Wang, and Y. Zhou: J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 2014, vol. 102, pp. 2395–407.
32. T. Yu, H.Y. Yin, Y. Zhou, Y.N. Wang, H. Zhu, and D.H. Wang: Mater. Trans., 2017, vol. 58, pp. 326–30.
33. R.O. Suzuki, K. Teranuma, and K. Ono: Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2003, vol. 34, pp. 287–95.
34. R.O. Suzuki: JOM, 2007, vol. 59, pp. 68–71.
35. S. Osaki, H. Sakai, and R.O. Suzuki: J. Electrochem. Soc., 2010, vol. 157, pp. E117–21.
D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, Y.J. Liu, R.V. Kumar, and C. Schwandt: Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 2019, vol. 96, pp. 466–78.
D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, R.V. Kumar, and C. Schwandt: Mater. Trans., 2019, vol. 60, pp. 422–28.
D. Sri Maha Vishnu, N. Sanil, L. Shakila, G. Panneerselvam, R. Sudha, K.S. Mohandas, and K. Nagarajan: Electrochim. Acta, 2013, vol. 100, pp. 51–62.
ASTM Standard F2129−17: Standard Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic Polarization Measurements to Determine the Corrosion Susceptibility of Small Implant Devices, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, pp. 1–9.
40. J. Miagava, A. Rubbens, P. Roussel, A. Navrotsky, R.H.R. Castro, and D. Gouvêa: J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 2016, vol. 99, pp. 631–37.
41. C. Schwandt and D.J. Fray: Electrochim. Acta, 2005, vol. 51, pp. 66–76.
42. C. Schwandt and D.J. Fray: Z. Naturforsch. A, 2007, vol. 62, pp. 655–70.
43. C. Schwandt, D.T.L. Alexander, and D.J. Fray: Electrochim. Acta, 2009, vol. 54, pp. 3819–29.
D. Sri Maha Vishnu, J. Sure, and K.S. Mohandas: Carbon, 2015, vol. 93, pp. 782–92.
45. M. Maeda and A. McLean: Iron Steelmaker, 1986, vol. 13, pp. 61–65.
46. P. Kar and J.W. Evans: Electrochim. Acta, 2008, vol. 54, pp. 835–43.
Acknowledgments
This study was partly funded through the Research Chair Grant Programme of The Research Council of the Sultanate of Oman.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Manuscript submitted August 23, 2020; accepted February 21, 2021.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sri Maha Vishnu, D., Sure, J., Vasant Kumar, R. et al. Factors Controlling the Synthesis of Porous Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys by Electrochemical Deoxidation in Molten Salts. Metall Mater Trans B 52, 1590–1602 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02126-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-021-02126-5