Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Design of Double Loop CDM Controllers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fed DC-DC Boost Converter Under Wide Source and Load Variations

  • Control Theory and Applications
  • Published:
International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) are emerging as the new renewable energy source. The output voltage of PEMFC is not sufficient to fulfill the load demands which varies with variations in temperature and load. So, it is integrated with a properly designed power conditioning unit to enhance and stabilize the voltage. In this paper Nexa 1.2 KW PEMFC is initially modeled using successive trust region. Next, a DC-DC boost converter connected to the fuel cell is designed using interval analysis to boost and regulate the output voltage adhering to the changes in the temperature and loading conditions. To stabilize the output of PEMFC fed boost converter, double loop robust controllers are implemented which are designed by Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM). All the responses of the CDM controlled boost converter settle down smoothly at the desired settling time with zero overshoot. The proposed controller fair quite well as compared to other similar controllers in the existing literatures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. A. Kirubakaran, S. Jain, and R. Nema, “The PEM fuel cell system with DC-DC boost converter: Design, modeling and simulation,” ACEEE International Journal on Electrical and Power Engineering, vol. 1, pp. 26–30, January 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M. Hinaje, S. Raël, P. Noiying, D. A. Nguyen, and B. Davat, “An equivalent electrical circuit model of proton exchange membrane fuel cells based on mathematical modelling,” Energies, vol. 5, pp. 2724–2744, July 2012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. I. S. Martin, A. Ursúa, and P. Sanchis, “Modelling of PEM fuel cell performance: Steady-state and dynamic experimental validation,” Energies, vol. 7, 2014.

  4. T. V. Dixit, A. Yadav, and S. Gupta, “Modeling of nexa-1.2 kw proton exchange membrane fuel cell power supply using swarm intelligence,” Proc. of 4th International Conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Mining (IC-CIDM 2017), 2017.

  5. M. T. Outeiro, R. Chibante, A. S. Carvalho, and A. T. de Almeida, “A parameter optimized model of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell including temperature effects,” Journal of Power Sources, vol. 185, pp. 952–960, December 2008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. M. J. Deylamani, P. Amiri, and M. H. Refan, “Design and stability analysis of a discrete-time sliding mode control for a synchronous DC-DC buck converter,” International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 1393–1407, January 2019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. O. Ibrahim, N. Z. Yahaya, and N. Saad, “State-space modelling and digital controller design for DC-DC converter,” Telkomnika, vol. 14, pp. 497–506, June 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. J. Kumar, V. Kumar, and K. Rana, “Design of robust fractional order fuzzy sliding mode PID controller for two-link robotic manipulator system,” Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 5301–5315, 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Z. Chen, W. Gao, J. Hu, and X. Ye, “Closed-loop analysis and cascade control of a nonminimum phase boost converter,” IEEE Transcations on Power Electronics, vol. 26, pp. 1237–1252, April 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. J. L. Agorreta, L. Reinaldos, R. Gonzàlez, M. Borrega, J. Balda, and L. Marroyo, “Fuzzy switching technique applied to pwm boost converter operating in mixed conduction mode for PV systems,” IEEE Transcations on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, pp. 4363–4373, November 2009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Özdemir and Z. Erdem, “Double-loop PI controller design of the DC-DC boost converter with a proposed approach for calculation of the controller parameters,” Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0959651817740006

  12. G. Barbaraci and G. V. Mariotti, “Influence of uncertaintes on PD tuning,” Proc. of the 4th International Conference on Power Transmissions, Sinaia, Romania, pp. 1–17, June 2012.

  13. S. Manabe, “Coefficient diagram method,” Proceedings of 14th IFAC Symposium on Automatic Control in Aerospace, vol. 31 of IFAC Proceedings Volumes, Seoul, Korea, pp. 211–222, August 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  14. H. Mishra, S. Ray, and T. V. Dixit, “Double loop CDM controller design for PEM fuel cell power conditioning unit for voltage regulation,” Proc. of the 6th Indian Control Conference, (Hyderabad), pp. 1–6, December 2019.

  15. R. E. Moore, Interval Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1966.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Ralhan and S. Ray, “Directional overcurrent relays coordination using linear programming intervals: A comparative analysis,” Proc. of Annual IEEE India Conference (IN-DICON), Mumbai, pp. 1–6, December 2013.

  17. G. Barbaraci, “Modeling and control of a quadrotor with variable geometry arms,” Journal of Unmanned Vehicle System, vol. 3, pp. 35–57, February 2015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. J. de Jesús Rubio, “Robust feedback linearization for nonlinear processes control,” ISA Transactions, vol. 74, pp. 155–164, January 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. H. Mishra and S. Ray, “Comprehensive small signal modeling of the DC-DC converters with CDM controller design,” Proc. of 1st International Conference on Power, Control and Computing Technologies (ICPC2T), Raipur, pp. 1–8, January 2020.

  20. Y. C. Kim and M. H. Hur, “Application of CDM to MIMO systems: Control of hot rolling mill,” Transcations on Control Automation, and Systems Engineering, vol. 3, pp. 250–256, December 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  21. S. Ray, H. Mishra, and T. V. Dixit, “Parametric optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using successive trust region algorithm,” Proc. of 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy systems (ICPEICES-2018), New Delhi, pp. 1–6, 22–24 October 2018.

  22. P. T. Bankupalli, S. Ghosh, L. Kumar, and S. Samanta, “Fractional order modeling and two loop control of PEM fuel cell for voltage regulation considering both source and load perturbations,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 43. no. 12, pp. 6294–6309, January 2018.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Z. Li, H. Yan, H. Zhang, X. Zhan, and C. Huang, “Improved inequality-based functions approach for stability analysis of time delay system,” Automatica, vol. 108, pp. 1–8, April 2019.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Dr. C. V. Raman University, Bilaspur (C.G.), India

    Heena Mishra

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg, 491001 (C.G.), India

    Shashwati Ray

  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic College, Kondagaon (C.G.), India

    Tata Venkat Dixit

Authors
  1. Heena Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shashwati Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tata Venkat Dixit
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shashwati Ray.

Additional information

Recommended by Associate Editor Yonghao Gui under the direction of Editor Young IL Lee.

Heena Mishra received her B.E. degree in electrical engineering from NIT, Raipur, India in 2007 and an M.Tech degree in digital electronics from CSVTU, Bhilai, India in 2010. She is pursuing her Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Dr. C. V. Raman University, Bilaspur, (C.G.), India. Her research interests include control systems, and power electronics.

Shashwati Ray received her B.Sc.(Engg.) degree in electrical engineering and M.Tech degree in Control Systems from NIT Kurukshetra, India, and her Ph.D. degree from IIT Bombay, India in 2007. Her research interests include renewable energy sources, optimization techniques, control and interval mathematics.

Tata Venkat Dixit received his B.E. degree in electrical engineering from MITS Gwalior, India, an M.Tech degree in power and control from IIT Kanpur, India and a Ph.D. degree from NIT Raipur (C.G.), India in 2018. His research areas include power electronics, hybrid controller design and its optimization.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mishra, H., Ray, S. & Dixit, T.V. Design of Double Loop CDM Controllers for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Fed DC-DC Boost Converter Under Wide Source and Load Variations. Int. J. Control Autom. Syst. 19, 1873–1881 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-020-0237-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12555-020-0237-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation