Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Distress Tolerance as a Mechanism Linking Violence Exposure to Problematic Alcohol use in Adolescence

  • Published:
Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Adolescents exposed to violence are at elevated risk of developing most forms of psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Prior research has identified emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation as core mechanisms linking violence exposure with psychopathology. Scant research has examined behavioral responses to distress as a mechanism in this association. This study examined the association of violence exposure with distress tolerance—the ability to persist in the face of distress—and whether lower distress tolerance linked violence exposure with subsequent increases in depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse problems during adolescence. Data were collected prospectively in a sample of 287 adolescents aged 16–17 (44.3% male; 40.8% White). At Time 1, participants provided self-report of demographics, violence exposure, and psychopathology, and completed a behavioral measure of distress tolerance, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. Four months later, participants (n = 237) repeated the psychopathology assessments. Violence exposure was associated with lower distress tolerance (β = -.21 p = .009), and elevated concurrent psychopathology (β = .16-.45, p = .001-.004). Low distress tolerance was prospectively associated with greater likelihood of abusing alcohol over time (OR = .63, p = .021), and mediated the association between violence exposure and greater levels (β = .02, 95% CI [.001, .063]) and likelihood (OR = .03, 95% CI [.006, .065]) of alcohol use over time. In contrast, low distress tolerance was not associated concurrently or prospectively with internalizing symptoms. Results persisted after controlling for socio-economic status. Findings suggest that distress tolerance is shaped by early experiences of threat and plays a role in the association between violence exposure and development of problematic alcohol use in adolescence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989). Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96(2), 358–372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.96.2.358

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, M., Jenness, J. L., Kuehn, K. S., Smith, M. R., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2019). Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 31(3), 999–1009. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000543

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Allgaier, A. K., Frühe, B., Pietsch, K., Saravo, B., Baethmann, M., & Schulte-Körne, G (2012). Is the Children's Depression Inventory Short version a valid screening tool in pediatric care? A comparison to its full-length version. Journal of psychosomatic research, 73(5), 369–374.

  • Auerbach, R. P., Ho, M.-H.R., & Kim, J. C. (2014). Identifying Cognitive and Interpersonal Predictors of Adolescent Depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9845-6

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bardeen, J. R., Tull, M. T., Dixon-Gordon, K. L., Stevens, E. N., & Gratz, K. L. (2015). Attentional Control as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Difficulties Accessing Effective Emotion Regulation Strategies and Distress Tolerance. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 37(1), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-014-9433-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014). The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: Back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 344–365.

  • Barnes, G. M., Welte, J.W., Hoffman, J.H., & Dintcheff, B.A. (2005). Shared predictors of youthful gambling, substance use, and delinquency. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(2), 165–174.

  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.

  • Beardslee, W. R., Versage, E. M., & Gladstone, T. R. (1998). Children of affectively ill parents: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(11), 1134–1141. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199811000-00012

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., & Harrison, R. (1983). Cognitions, attitudes and personality dimensions in depression. British Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, A., Trafton, J., Ilgen, M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2008). An evaluation of the role of smoking context on a biobehavioral index of distress tolerance. Addictive Behaviors, 33(11), 1409–1415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the childhood trauma questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., Sapareto, E., & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry. http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1995-00092-001

  • Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., Stokes, J., Handelsman, L., Medrano, M., Desmond, D., et al. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), 169–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A. (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohn, M. J., Babor, T. F., & Kranzler, H. R. (1995). The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 56(4), 423–432. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1995.56.423

  • Bonn-Miller, M. O., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2009). Discomfort intolerance: Evaluation of incremental validity for panic-relevant symptoms using 10% carbon dioxide-enriched air provocation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(2), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.06.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonomo, Y., Coffey, C., Wolfe, R., Lynskey, M., Bowes, G., & Patton, G. (2001). Adverse outcomes of alcohol use in adolescents. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 96(10), 1485–1496. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652140120075215

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Carter, A. S., Clark, R., Augustyn, M., McCarthy, K. J., & Ford, J. D. (2010). Exposure to potentially traumatic events in early childhood: Differential links to emergent psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(10), 1132–1140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02256.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, T. L., Parks, G. S., Zimmerman, R. S., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). The role of religion in predicting adolescent alcohol use and problem drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(5), 696–705.

  • Buckner, J. D., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2007). Problematic Alcohol and Cannabis Use among Young Adults: The Roles of Depression and Discomfort and Distress Tolerance. Addictive Behaviors, 32(9), 1957–1963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.12.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cantwell, D. P., Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1997). Correspondence between adolescent report and parent report of psychiatric diagnostic data. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(5), 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199705000-00011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, H. A., Heleniak, C., Witkiewitz, K., Lewis, M., Eakins, D., Staples, J., ... & Larimer, M. E. (2016). Effects of parental monitoring on alcohol use in the US and Sweden: A brief report. Addictive Behaviors, 63, 89–92.

  • Cho, Y. I., Johnson, T. P., & Fendrich, M. (2001). Monthly variations in self-reports of alcohol consumption. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62(2), 268–272.

  • Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Ojanen, T., Hunt, E., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. (2013). Time doesn’t change everything: The longitudinal course of distress tolerance and its relationship with externalizing and internalizing symptoms during early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(5), 735–748.

  • Cyders, M. A., & Smith, G. T. (2008). Emotion-based dispositions to rash action: positive and negative urgency. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 807.

  • Daughters, S. B., Lejuez, C. W., Bornovalova, M. A., Kahler, C. W., Strong, D. R., & Brown, R. A. (2005). Distress tolerance as a predictor of early treatment dropout in a residential substance abuse treatment facility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 729–734. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.729

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daughters, S. B., Reynolds, E. K., MacPherson, L., Kahler, C. W., Danielson, C. K., Zvolensky, M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2009). Distress tolerance and early adolescent externalizing and internalizing symptoms: The moderating role of gender and ethnicity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(3), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683.

  • Donovan, J. E. (2004). Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(6), 529-e7.

  • Donovan, J. E., & Jessor, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(6), 890–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englund, M. M., Egeland, B., Oliva, E. M., & Collins, W. A. (2008). Childhood and adolescent predictors of heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: A longitudinal developmental analysis. Addiction, 103, 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02174.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., Egner, T., Peraza, D. M., Kandel, E. R., & Hirsch, J. (2006). Resolving emotional conflict: A role for the rostral anterior cingulate cortex in modulating activity in the amygdala. Neuron, 51(6), 871–882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.07.029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Etkin, A., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2011). Common abnormalities and disorder-specific compensation during implicit regulation of emotional processing in generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(9), 968–978. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10091290

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Hamby, S. L. (2013). Violence, crime, and abuse exposure in a national sample of children and youth: An update. JAMA Pediatrics, 167(7), 614. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorka, S. M., Ali, B., & Daughters, S. B. (2012). The Role of Distress Tolerance in the Relationship between Depressive Symptoms and Problematic Alcohol Use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 26(3), 621–626. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026386

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz, K. L., Bornovalova, M. A., Delany-Brumsey, A., Nick, B., & Lejuez, C. W. (2007). A Laboratory-Based Study of the Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Experiential Avoidance Among Inner-City Substance Users: The Role of Emotional Nonacceptance. Behavior Therapy, 38(3), 256–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra, N. G., & Huesmann, L. R. (2004). A cognitive-ecological model of aggression. Revue internationale de psychologie sociale, 17, 177–204.

  • Guerra, N. G., & Slaby, R. G. (1990). Cognitive mediators of aggression in adolescent offenders: II. Intervention. Developmental Psychology, 26(2), 269.

  • Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition & Emotion, 25(3), 400–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.544160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haegerich, T. M., & Tolan, P. H. (2008). Core competencies and the prevention of adolescent substance use. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (122), 47–60.

  • Hastings, T., & Kelley, M. (1997). Development and Validation of the Screen for Adolescent Violence Exposure (SAVE). Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25(6), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022641916705

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach (2013–21121-000). Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heleniak, C., Jenness, J. L., Stoep, A. V., McCauley, E., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2015). Childhood Maltreatment Exposure and Disruptions in Emotion Regulation: A Transdiagnostic Pathway to Adolescent Internalizing and Externalizing Psychopathology. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(3), 394–415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9735-z

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heleniak, C., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017). Disruptions in Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism Linking Community Violence Exposure to Adolescent Internalizing Problems. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12328

  • Herringa, R. J., Birn, R. M., Ruttle, P. L., Burghy, C. A., Stodola, D. E., Davidson, R. J., & Essex, M. J. (2013). Childhood maltreatment is associated with altered fear circuitry and increased internalizing symptoms by late adolescence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(47), 19119–19124. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1310766110

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hopfer, C. J., Crowley, T. J., & Hewitt, J. K. (2003). Review of twin and adoption studies of adolescent substance use. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(6), 710–719.

  • Hussong, A. M., Jones, D. J., Stein, G. L., Baucom, D. H., & Boeding, S. (2011). An internalizing pathway to alcohol use and disorder. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25(3), 390.

  • Johnson, S. L., Carver, C. S., & Joormann, J. (2013). Impulsive responses to emotion as a transdiagnostic vulnerability to internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 872–878.

  • Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Miech, R. A. (2016). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2015: Volume II, college students and adults ages 19-55.

  • Jellinek, M. S., & Snyder, J. B. (1998). Depression and suicide in children and adolescents. Pediatrics in Review, 19(8), 255–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion Regulation in Depression: Relation to Cognitive Inhibition. Cognition & Emotion, 24(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & Ustun, T. B. (2007). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keyes, K. M., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., McLaughlin, K. A., Wall, M. M., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2012). Childhood maltreatment and the structure of common psychiatric disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.093062

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • King, K. M., Feil, M. C., & Halvorson, M. A. (2018a). Negative Urgency Is Correlated With the Use of Reflexive and Disengagement Emotion Regulation Strategies. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(6), 822–834. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702618785619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, K. M., McLaughlin, K. A., Silk, J., & Monahan, K. C. (2018b). Peer effects on self-regulation in adolescence depend on the nature and quality of the peer interaction. Development and Psychopathology, 30(4), 1389–1401. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417001560

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klitzman, S., & Freudenberg, N. (2003). Implications of the world trade center attack for the public health and health care infrastructures. American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 400–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory: Manual. Multi-Health Systems.

  • Lambert, H. K., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2017). Differential associations of threat and deprivation with emotion regulation and cognitive control in adolescence. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 929–940. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lansford, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Crozier, J., & Kaplow, J. (2002). A 12-year prospective study of the long-term effects of early child physical maltreatment on psychological, behavioral, and academic problems in adolescence. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(8), 824–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R., & Ham, M. (1992). Stress and “storm and stress” in early adolescence: The relationship of negative events with dysphoric affect. Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.1.130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R., & Lampman-Petraitis, C. (1989). Daily emotional states as reported by children and adolescents. Child Development, 60(5), 1250–1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R. W., Moneta, G., Richards, M. H., & Wilson, S. (2002). Continuity, stability, and change in daily emotional experience across adolescence. Child Development, 73(4), 1151–1165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. O., Hill, K. G., Guttmannova, K., Hartigan, L. A., Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (2014). Childhood and Adolescent Predictors of Heavy Episodic Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorder at Ages 21 and 33: A Domain-Specific Cumulative Risk Model. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 75(4), 684–694. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2014.75.684

  • Lejuez, C. W., Kahler, Christopher W., & Brown, R.A. (2003). A modified computer version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) as a laboratory-based stressor. The Behavior Therapist, 26(4), 290–293.

  • Leyro, T. M., Zvolensky, M. J., & Bernstein, A. (2010). Distress Tolerance and Psychopathological Symptoms and Disorders: A Review of the Empirical Literature among Adults. Psychological Bulletin, 136(4), 576–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019712

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu, W. (2019). Adolescent Depression: National Trends, Risk Factors, and Healthcare Disparities. American Journal of Health Behavior, 43(1), 181–194. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.43.1.15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation Analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • MacPherson, L., Reynolds, E. K., Daughters, S. B., Wang, F., Cassidy, J., Mayes, L. C., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010). Positive and Negative Reinforcement Underlying Risk Behavior in Early Adolescents. Prevention Science, 11(3), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-010-0172-7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maisto, S. A., Conigliaro, J., McNeil, M., Kraemer, K., & Kelley, M. E. (2000). An empirical investigation of the factor structure of the AUDIT. Psychological Assessment, 12(3), 346–353. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.12.3.346

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelli, L., Carli, V., Roy, A., Serretti, A., & Sarchiapone, M. (2011). The influence of childhood trauma on the onset and repetition of suicidal behavior: An investigation in a high risk sample of male prisoners. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45(6), 742–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • March, J. S., Parker, J. D. A., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall-Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., & MacPherson, L. (2011). Impulsivity and Alcohol Use Coping Motives in a Trauma-Exposed Sample: The Mediating Role of Distress Tolerance. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 588–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.033

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marusak, H. A., Martin, K. R., Etkin, A., & Thomason, M. E. (2015). Childhood trauma exposure disrupts the automatic regulation of emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology: Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 40(5), 1250–1258. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.311

  • McBride, N. M., Barrett, B., Moore, K. A., & Schonfeld, L. (2014). The Role of Positive Alcohol Expectancies in Underage Binge Drinking Among College Students. Journal of American College Health, 62(6), 370–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.907297

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrory, E. J., De Brito, S. A., Kelly, P. A., Bird, G., Sebastian, C. L., Mechelli, A., Samuel, S., & Viding, E. (2013). Amygdala activation in maltreated children during pre-attentive emotional processing. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.116624

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCrory, E. J., De Brito, S. A., Sebastian, C. L., Mechelli, A., Bird, G., Kelly, P. A., & Viding, E. (2011). Heightened neural reactivity to threat in child victims of family violence. Current Biology, 21(23), R947–R948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.015

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McHugh, R. K., Reynolds, E. K., Leyro, T. M., & Otto, M. W. (2013). An examination of the association of distress intolerance and emotion regulation with avoidance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(2), 363–367.

  • McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Future Directions in Childhood Adversity and Youth Psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(3), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1110823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Green, J. G., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2012). Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(11), 1151–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., & King, K. (2015). Developmental Trajectories of Anxiety and Depression in Early Adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(2), 311–323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9898-1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2017). Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: Mechanisms of risk and resilience. Current Opinion in Psychology, 14(Supplement C), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., Alves, S., & Sheridan, M. A. (2015). Child Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 54(9), 753–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., & Sheridan, M. A. (2016). Beyond Cumulative Risk: A Dimensional Approach to Childhood Adversity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(4), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721416655883

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014). Childhood adversity and neural development: Deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 578–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Meropol, S. B., Moscati, R. M., Lillis, K. A., Ballow, S., & Janicke, D. M. (1995). Alcohol-related injuries among adolescents in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 26(2), 180–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar, B. E., Buka, S. L., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 91(5), 753–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(7), 753–772. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00056-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus User's Guide. Eighth Edition. Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(5), 242–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2005.03.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick, M. E., Wray-Lake, L., Finlay, A. K., & Maggs, J. L. (2010). The Long Arm of Expectancies: Adolescent Alcohol Expectancies Predict Adult Alcohol Use. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 45(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agp066

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, D. G., Perry, L. C., & Rasmussen, P. (1986). Cognitive social learning mediators of aggression. Child Development, 700–711.

  • Pollak, S. D., Cicchetti, D., Hornung, K., & Reed, A. (2000). Recognizing emotion in faces: Developmental effects of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychology, 36(5), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.5.679

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, S. D., & Sinha, P. (2002). Effects of early experience on children’s recognition of facial displays of emotion. Developmental Psychology, 38(5), 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.38.5.784

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Hauf, A. M. C., Wasserman, M. S., & Paradis, A. D. (2000). General and Specific Childhood Risk Factors for Depression and Drug Disorders by Early Adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(2), 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200002000-00023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, W. M. (1994). Assessment of Depression in Children and Adolescents by Self-Report Questionnaires. In W. M. Reynolds & H. F. Johnston (Eds.), Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents (pp. 209–234). Springer US. http://link.springer.com/chapter/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1510-8_11

  • Rudolph, K. D., & Hammen, C. (1999). Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective. Child Development, 70(3), 660–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rueter, M. A., Scaramella, L., Wallace, L. E., & Conger, R. D. (1999). First Onset of Depressive or Anxiety Disorders Predicted by the Longitudinal Course of Internalizing Symptoms and Parent-Adolescent Disagreements. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(8), 726–732. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.8.726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders, J. B., Aasland, O. G., Babor, T. F., De La Fuente, J. R., & Grant, M. (1993). Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption-II. Addiction, 88(6), 791–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The children’s depression inventory: A systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(6), 955–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7(2), 147–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.2.147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons, J. S., & Gaher, R. M. (2005). The Distress Tolerance Scale: Development and Validation of a Self-Report Measure. Motivation and Emotion, 29(2), 83–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-005-7955-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children's Depression Inventory. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 14(1), 25–39.

  • Stautz, K., & Cooper, A. (2013). Impulsivity-related personality traits and adolescent alcohol use: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(4), 574–592.

  • Thomason, M. E., Marusak, H. A., Tocco, M. A., Vila, A. M., McGarragle, O., & Rosenberg, D. R. (2015). Altered amygdala connectivity in urban youth exposed to trauma. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(11), 1460–1468. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv030

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tomás, M. T. C., Costa, J. A. G., Motos-Sellés, P., Beitia, M. D. S., & Mahía, F. C. (2017). The utility of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for the analysis of binge drinking in university students. Psicothema, 29(2), 229–235.

  • Tombaugh, T. N. (2006). A comprehensive review of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(1), 53–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.07.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valois, R. F., Oeltmann, J. E., Waller, J., & Hussey, J. R. (1999). Relationship between number of sexual intercourse partners and selected health risk behaviors among public high school adolescents. The Journal of Adolescent Health: Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 25(5), 328–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vujanovic, A. A., Bonn-Miller, M. O., Potter, C. M., Marshall, E. C., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2011). An Evaluation of the Relation Between Distress Tolerance and Posttraumatic Stress within a Trauma-Exposed Sample. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-010-9209-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, E. A., Unutzer, J., Rutter, C., &, , et al. (1999). Costs of health care use by women hmo members with a history of childhood abuse and neglect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(7), 609–613. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.609

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., Flisher, A., Zissis, C., Muller, M., & Lombard, C. (2001). Exposure to violence and its relationship to psychopathology in adolescents. Injury Prevention, 7(4), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.7.4.297

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zgierska, A., Rabago, D., Chawla, N., Kushner, K., Koehler, R., & Marlatt, A. (2009). Mindfulness Meditation for Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review. Substance Abuse : Official Publication of the Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse, 30(4), 266–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897070903250019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zvolensky, M. J., Vujanovic, A. A., Bernstein, A., & Leyro, T. (2010). Distress Tolerance: Theory, Measurement, and Relations to Psychopathology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(6), 406–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721410388642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This research was supported by a Doris Duke Fellowship for the Promotion of Child Wellbeing to Charlotte Heleniak, by a Young Scholars Award from the Klaus J. Jacobs Foundation to Katie A. McLaughlin, Kevin M. King, and Kathryn C. Monahan, a grant from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to Maya L. Rosen (F32-HD089514), and by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health to Charlotte Heleniak (F31-MH108245), Hilary K. Lambert (F31-MH116559), and Katie A. McLaughlin (R01-MH103291; R01-MH106482).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA

    Charlotte Heleniak

  2. School of Psychology, Family, and Community, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA

    China R. Bolden

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA, 119A 98195-1525, USA

    Connor J. McCabe, Hilary K. Lambert, Maya L. Rosen & Kevin M. King

  4. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Kathryn C. Monahan

  5. Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    Katie A. McLaughlin

Authors
  1. Charlotte Heleniak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. China R. Bolden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Connor J. McCabe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hilary K. Lambert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Maya L. Rosen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Kevin M. King
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kathryn C. Monahan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Katie A. McLaughlin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charlotte Heleniak.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 13 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Heleniak, C., Bolden, C.R., McCabe, C.J. et al. Distress Tolerance as a Mechanism Linking Violence Exposure to Problematic Alcohol use in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 49, 1211–1225 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00805-0

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00805-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation