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Ultrasonic coupling with electrical current to effective activation of Persulfate for 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation: modeling, synergistic effect, and a by-product study

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Abstract

In this research work, we investigated the ability of the oxidative degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide via ultrasonic-assisted in electro-activation of the persulfate system in the presence of nano-zero valent iron. The effect of experimental parameters such as pH value [4–8], electrical current (0.5–1 A), persulfate concentration (0.25–0.5 mg.l−1), nano zero-valent iron dose (0.05–0.1 mg.l−1), and initial organic pollutant concentration (50–100 mg.l−1) on the ultrasonic-electropersulfate process performance was assessed via central composite design. The combination of ultrasonic waves with the electrochemical process to activation of persulfate showed better efficiency into 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide degradation compared to their implementation in individual and binary systems. Following optimal conditions (pH = 5.62, 0.80 A applied electrical current, 0.39 mg/L persulfate concentration, 0.07 mg/L nano-zero valent iron, and 50 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid concentration in 40 min reaction), nearly 91% removal was done. Moreover, the complete removal of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, 92% COD, and 88% TOC removal was achieved by this process near 140 min reaction. The scavenging experiment confirmed the role of free oxidizing species in the degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid during the process. Approximately 50% improved 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid removal in the process against the inclusive efficiency of single mechanisms. The obtained results were fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model with a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.96). Five important intermediate products of 2, 4-D oxidation were 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP), 2, 6-dichlorophenol (2, 6-DCP), 4, 6 dichlororesorcinol (4, 6-DCR), 2-chlorohydroquinone (2-CHQ), and 2-chloro-1, 4-benzoquinone (2-CBQ). In the end, can be employed as a satisfactory advanced oxidation process in high mineralization of 2, 4-D and refractory organic pollutants.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Iran University of Medical Science [IUMS] (grant number: 96-04-212-31922).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center of Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jamal Mehralipour & Majid Kermani

  2. Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Jamal Mehralipour

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Majid Kermani

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  1. Jamal Mehralipour
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Mehralipour, J., Kermani, M. Ultrasonic coupling with electrical current to effective activation of Persulfate for 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degradation: modeling, synergistic effect, and a by-product study. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 19, 625–639 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-021-00633-w

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