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Revisiting the Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of almond in Australia

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Abstract

Almond production is a significant horticulture crop for Australia. Serious yield losses can be caused by the fungal disease anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum species that infect the fruit and leaves. Genomic sequence data for gene extraction, along with multigene phylogenetic analyses and whole genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) analysis were used to determine the phylogeny of Colletotrichum isolates collected from almonds across Australia. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of six gene regions (ITS, tub2, gapdh, chs-1, act and his3) identified C. acutatum sensu stricto, C. fioriniae and C. simmondsii as pathogens of almond. Similar topology was observed using ANI, which provided increased resolution within C. acutatum, with isolates separating largely according to geographic origin. The ANI analysis also supported three separate species with isolates within each species sharing >98.7% ANI (species cut off = 95%), while between species there was <90.5% ANI. Pathogenicity assays on detached almond leaves revealed differences in aggressiveness among representative isolates from the three species, with higher susceptibility on leaves of variety Price than Nonpareil. This is the first report of C. fioriniae and C. simmondsii causing anthracnose of almond globally.

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Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Innovation Seed Fund for Horticulture Development between Agriculture Victoria and The University of Melbourne. We wish to thank Roger Shivas, Simone Kreidl, Mark Sosnowski and Barbara Hall for their contribution in sample collections and provision of cultures.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia

    D. D. de Silva & P. W. J. Taylor

  2. Agriculture Victoria, Department of Jobs, Precincts and Regions, AgriBio, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia

    D. D. de Silva, R. C. Mann, J. Kaur, P. N Ekanayake, T. I Sawbridge & J. Edwards

  3. School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia

    T. I Sawbridge & J. Edwards

  4. South Australian Research and Development Institute, GPO Box 397, Adelaide, South Australia, 5001, Australia

    S. McKay

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  1. D. D. de Silva
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  2. R. C. Mann
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  3. J. Kaur
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  4. P. N Ekanayake
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  5. T. I Sawbridge
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  6. S. McKay
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  7. P. W. J. Taylor
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  8. J. Edwards
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Correspondence to D. D. de Silva.

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de Silva, D.D., Mann, R.C., Kaur, J. et al. Revisiting the Colletotrichum species causing anthracnose of almond in Australia. Australasian Plant Pathol. 50, 267–279 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-020-00765-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-020-00765-x

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