Changing the narrative perspective: From deictic to anaphoric point of view
Section snippets
Introduction and motivation
The narrative point of view (PoV), also called the narrative perspective, is the position from which the events in a story are observed and communicated (van Peer & Chatman, 2001). There are three types of narrative perspective, mirroring the use of personal pronouns: first, second, and third person. The narrative point of view influences the readers’ perspective-taking and their involvement in the characters’ thoughts and feelings. In fiction, the most common narrative perspectives are the
Related work
Wiebe (1994) addressed the problem of tracking the psychological point of view in third-person fictional narrative text, which is about recognizing sentences that convey the thoughts, perceptions, and inner states of characters and mapping these psychological perspectives to the corresponding character in the story. Mani (2013) provided a systematic overview of computational methods applied to the processing of core narratological concepts, such as narrative perspective, narrative threads, and
Task definition and important aspects
We consider as input a text document in a prototypical PoV setting where at most one discourse entity has the 1st person PoV, at most one entity has the 2nd person PoV, and any number of entities have the 3rd person PoV.1 Given a focus entity that has PoV , the
The PoV change system pipeline
To change the narrative perspective from st/nd to 3rd PoV, the raw text is processed using the pipeline of 4 steps shown below. As a running example, we will use the text below, where the focus entity (to be indexed with 2, and later named Nick) has the 1st person PoV (as expressed through the pronoun I) and the task is to convert it to a 3rd person PoV:
“Phil returns to Boston, to his job. I drive to the city every other week, to work a night or two at Pine Street, to see Emily”. (Flynn, 2005)
A neural mention selection model
Given a mention position in the text for an entity , the mention selection task is to select from the set of possible strings for that entity the best string (noun phrase or pronoun) to use as a mention in that context. Using the same example as in the previous section, where the focus entity is the one indexed with 2, and assuming that it was already mentioned 5 times before the sentences in this example, then the current mention position would be 6, as shown below:
[Phil returns
Datasets for PoV change in English
Training deep learning models, such as the neural mention selection architecture that we propose for this task, requires a large number of training examples. However, manually annotating the corresponding large number of documents with PoV changes is prohibitive. Instead, we propose to use existing coreference resolution corpora to create training examples for the mention selection part of the PoV change task, as described in Section 6.1 below. Separately, we also create a benchmark dataset
Experimental evaluation
The training portion of the CoNLL-2012 corpus is used to train two LSTM-based models: a model that uses only the token-level LSTMs, and a model that uses both the token-level and mention-level LSTMs. The size of the hidden state of LSTM cell is set to 50, whereas the size of the hidden layer of the fully connected network that computes the ranking score is set to 100. We use words and mentions for both the left and right contexts. If there are less than words or mentions
Conclusion and future work
We introduced the task of changing the narrative perspectives and proposed a pipeline architecture where a mention selection model is trained on data extracted from a corpus annotated with coreference chains. We annotated a benchmark dataset with point of view changes, using text from a wide range of types of narratives. Evaluations on a newly created PoV benchmark dataset showed that the proposed architecture substantially outperforms the baselines and comes close to the manual annotation in
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dana Simionescu for the annotation of the PoV change dataset and Edmond Chang for providing connections to research on the use of point of view in literature and virtual worlds. In its initial stages, the project benefited from numerous discussions with Pooya Taherkhani. Finally, we would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their detailed and constructive feedback.
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